書籍詳細

I. 心不全の発症機転

P.18 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Braunwald E, Grossman W:Clinical aspects of heart failure. In "Heart Disease". edited by Braunwald E., 444-463, WB Saunders, 1992.

• 2) Braunwald E:Pathophysiology of heart failure. In "Heart Disease" edited by Braunwald E, 393-418, WB Saunders, 1992.

• 3) Packer M, Treatment of congestive heart failure. In "Treatment of heart diseases" edited by Willerson JT. 1-87, Gower Medical, 1992.

• 4) Schlant RC, Sonnenblick EH:Pathophysiology of heart failure. In "The Heart", edited by Hurst JW, 387-418, Schlant RC, 1990.

• 5) Timmis AD, Davies SW, Heart failure. 1-87, Gower Medical Publishing, London, 1992.

• 6) Mackenzie J:Disease of the heart. 3rd ed, London, Oxford Univ. Press, 1913.

• 7) Hope JA:Treatise on the diseases of the heart and great vessels, London, Williams-Kidd, 1832.

• 8) Katz AM:Series elasticity, "Active state", Length-tension relationship, and cardiac mechanics, in "Physiology of the heart", edited by Katz AM, 196-218, Raven Press, 1992.

• 9) Lakatta EG:Starling's law of the heart is explained by an intimate interaction of muscle length and myofilament calcium activation, J Am Coll Cardiol 1987:10:1157-1164.

• 10) Allen DG, Kentish JC:The cellular basis of the length-tension relation in cardiac muscle, J Mol Cell Cardiol 17:821-840, 1985.
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• 11) Allen AM, Kentish JC:Calcium concentration in the myoplasm of skinned ferret ventricular muscle following changes in muscle length. J Physiol, 407:489-503, 1988.

• 12) Opie LH:Myocardial contraction and relaxation. In The Heart edited by Opie LH, 176-194, Raven Press, 1991.

• 13) Maruyama Y, Ashikawa K, Isoyama S, Kanatsuka H, Ino-oka E, Takishima T:Mechanical interactions between four heart chambers with and without the pericardium in canine hearts. Circ Res 50:86-100, 1982.
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• 14) Maehara K, Maruyama Y, Yoshikata S, Takishima T:Effects of exercise stress on left ventricular end diastolic pressure-length strain relations in dogs with and without coronary stenosis. Cardiovasc Res 26:770-778, 1992.
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II. 心不全の病態生理

P.21 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Meerson FZ:Compensatory hyperfunction, hyperadaptation, and insufficientcy of the heart. In "The Failing Heart:Adaptation and Deadaptation", eds. Katz, A. M., Raven Press Books, New York, 1983.

• 2) Grossman W, et al:Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. J Clin Invest 56:56, 1975.
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• 3) Anversa P., et al.:Infarct size, myocyte hypertrophy, and capillary growth. Circ Res 58:26-37, 1986.
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• 4) Karam R, et al:Coronary reserve is depressed in postmyocardial infarction reactive cardiac hypertrophy. Circulation 81:238-246, 1990.
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• 5) Saks VA, et al:Phosphocreatine pathway for energy transport:ADP diffusion and cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol 261:30-38, 1991.
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• 6) Simpson P:Stimulation of hypertrophy of cultured rat myocardial cells is an a 1-adrenergic response. J Clin Invest 72:732-738, 1983.
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• 7) Dostal DE, et al:Angiotensin II stimulation of left ventricular hypertrophy in adult rat heart:Mediation by the AT1 receptor. Am J Hypertens 5:276-280, 1992.
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P.25 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Endo M:Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Physiol Rev 57:71-108, 1978.

• 2) Fabiato A:Calcium-induced release of calcium from the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Am J Physiol 245:C1-C14, 1983.
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• 3) Katz AM:Physiology of the Heart, 2nd ed, Raven Press, New York, 1992.

• 4) MacLennan DH:Molecular tools to elucidate problems in excitation-contraction coupling. Biophys J 58:1355-1365, 1990.
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• 5) Tada M, Kadoma M:Regulation of the Ca2+pump ATPase by cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban. Bio Essays 10:157-163, 1989.

• 6) Blinks JR, Endoh M:Modulation of myofibrillar responsiveness to Ca++ as an inotropic mechanism.Circulation 73 (suppl III):III85-III 98, 1986.

• 7) Endoh M:Frequency-dependent inhibition of the intracellular calcium transients by calmodulin antagonists in the aequorin-injected rabbit papillary muscle. Calcium Protein Signaling (Hidaka H, Carafoli E, Means AR, Tanaka T ed), p. 461-470 Plenum Publishing Co, New York, London, 1989.

• 8) Komuro I, et al:Molecular cloning and characterization of a Ca2++Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from rat cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. J Clin Invest 86:1102, 989.

• 9) Gwathmey JK, Copelas L, MacKinnon R, Schoen FJ, Feldmen MD, Grossman W, Morgan JP:Abnormal intracellular calcium handling in myocardium from patients with end-stage heart failure. Circ Res 61:70-76, 1987

• 10) Kitakaze M, Weisman HF, Marban E:Contractile dysfunction and ATP depletion after transient calcium overload in perfused ferret heart. Circulation 77:685-695, 1987

• 11) Mulieri L A, et al.:Altered myocardial force-frequency relation in human heart failure Circ Res 85:1743-1750, 1992

P.29 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Packer M:Neurohormonal interactions and adaptations in congestive heart failure. Circulation 77:721-730, 1988.
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• 2) Bristow MR, Hershberger RE, Port JD, Gilbert EM, Sandoval A, Rasmussen R, Cates AE, Feldman AM:β.Adrenergic pathways in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium. Circulation 82 (suppl I):I-12-1-25, 1990.

• 3) Mann DL, Kent RL, Parsons B, Cooper G:Adrenergic effects on the biology of the adult mammalian cardiocyte. Circulation 85:790-804, 1992.
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• 4) Packer M:Pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the effects of ?-adrenergic agonists and antagonists on functional capacity and survival in chronic heart failure. Circulation 82 (suppl I):I-77-I-88, 1990.

• 5) Ellenbogen KA, Mohanty PK, Szentpetery S, Thames MD:Arterial baroreflex abnormalities in heart failure:reversal after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Circulation 79:51-58, 1989.
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• 6) Wang W, Chen JS, Zucker IH:Carotid sinus baroreceptor sensitivity in experimental heart failure. Circulation 81:1959-1966, 1990.
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• 7) Hirsch AT, Dzau VJ, Creager MA:Baroreceptor function in congestive heart failure:effect on neurohumoral activation and regional vascular resistance. Circulation 75 (suppl IV):IV-36-IV-48, 1987.

• 8) Flapan AD, Nolan J, Neilson JMM, Ewing DJ:Effect of captopril on cardiac parasympathetic activity in chronic cardiac failure secondary to coronary disease. Am J Cardiol 69:532-535, 1992.

P.37 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Tigerstedt R, Bergmam PG:Niere und Kreislauf.:Scand Arch Physiol 8:223-271, 1898.

• 2) Antonaccio MJ, Wright JJ:Renin-angiotensin system, converting enzyme, and renin inhibitors. In"Cardiovasclar Pharmacology". Third edition, edited by Antonaccio MJ. 201-228, Raven Press. Ltd, New York 1990.

• 3) Dzau VJ, Hirsch AT:Emerging role of the tissue renin-angiotensin systems in congestive heart failure.:Eur Heart J 11 (Suppl. B):65-71, 1990.

• 4) Opie LH:Ventricular overload and heart failure. In"The Heart, Physiology and Metabolism"second edition, edited by Opie LH. 396-424, Raven Press, New York, 1991.

• 5) Katz AM:Recepters, coupling proteins, and second messengers. In"Physiology of the heart"Second edition, edited by Katz AM. 274-302, Raven Press, New York, 1992.

• 6) van Zwieten PA:Cardiovascular receptors and drug therapy. In"Cardiovascular drug therapy"edited by Messerli FH. 265-282, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1990.

• 7) Braunwald E, Sonnenblick E, Ross J Jr.:Mechanisms of cardiac contraction and relaxation, In"Heart Disease, Fourth edition, edited by Braunwald E. 351-392, WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1992.

• 8) Spann JF, Hurst JW:The recognition and management of heart failure. In"The Heart", Seventh edition, edited by Hurst JW, 418-441, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.

• 9) Schlant RC, Sonnenblick EH:Pathophysiology of heart failure. In"The Heart"edited by Hurst JW, 387-418, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1990.

• 10) Francis GS et al for the SOLVD Investigators. Comparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. Asubstudy of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD) . Circulation 82:1724-1729, 1990.

• 11) Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, Garberg V, Lura D, Francis GS, Simon AB, Rector T:Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. New Engl J Med 31:819-823, 1984.

• 12) Lee WH, Packer M:Prognostic importance of serum sodium concentration and its modification by converting enzyme inhibition in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 73:257-267, 1986.
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• 13) Massie B, Ports T, Chatterjee K, Parmley W, Ostland J, O'Young J, Haughom F:Long-term vasodilator therapy for heart failure:Clinical response and its relationship to hemodynamic measurements. Circulation 63:269-278, 1981.
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• 14) Swedberg K et al for the CONSENSUS Study Group:Hormones regulating cardiovascular function in patients with severe congestive heart failure and their relation to mortality. Circulation 82:1730-1736, 1990.

P.43 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Nichols WW, Conti CR, Walker WE, Milnor WR:Input impedance of the systemic circulation in man. Circ Res 40:451-458, 1977.
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• 2) Pepine CJ, Nichols WW, Conti CR:Aortic input impedance in heart failure. Circulation 58:460-465, 1978.
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• 3) 石出信正, 滝島任:後負荷と心室機能. 心力学とその臨床 (第2版), 文光堂, p. 129, 1992

• 4) Zelis R, Mason DT:Compensatory mechanisms in congestive heart failure:The role of the peripheral resistance vessels. N Engl J Med 282:962-964, 1970
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• 5) Vanhoutte PM:Adjustments in the peripheral circulation in chronic heart failure. Eur Heart J 4 (Suppl A):67, 1983.

• 6) Creager MA, Faxon DP, Cutler SS, Kohlmann O, Ryan TJ, Gavras H:Contribution of vasopressin to vasoconstriction in patients with congestive heart failure;comparison with the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:758-765, 1986.
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• 7) Sarnoff SJ, Mitchell JH, Gilmore Jp, et al:Homeometric autoregulation of the heart. Circ Res 8:1077-1091, 19. 60.

• 8) Schlant RC, Sonnenblick EH:Heart failure. Chapter 26. Pathophysiology of heart failure in "The Heart (Seven Edition) "edited by Hurst JW, Schlant RC 387-418, 1990.

• 9) Elzinga G, Westerhof N:Pressure and flow generated by the left ventricle against different impedance. Circ Res 32:178-186, 1973.
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• 10) 丸山幸夫, 芦川紘一, 磯山正玄, 佐藤昇一, 石出信正, 滝島任:前圧負荷, 後負荷インピーダンス, 冠灌流を独立可変とする摘出心標本-新しい左冠動脈主幹部灌流法について-. 心臓 15:751-758, 1983

• 11) Ishide N, Shimizu Y, Maruyama Y, Koiwa Y, Nunokawa T, Isoyama S, Kitaoka S, Tamaki K, Ino-oka E, Takishima T:Effects of changes in the aortic input impedance on systolic pressure-ejected volume relationships in the isolated supported canine left ventricle. Cardiovasc Res 14:229-243, 1980.
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• 12) Isoyama S, Maruyama Y, Koiwa Y, Ishide N, Kitaoka S, Tamaki K, Sato S, Shimizu Y, Ino-oka E, Takishima T:Experimental study of afterload-reducing therapy;The effect of the reduction of systemic vascular resistance on cardiac output, aortic pressure, and coronary circulation in isolated, ejecting canine hearts. Circulation 64:490-499, 1981.
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• 13) Maruyama Y, Ashikawa K, Isoyama S, Satoh S, Suzuki H, Watanabe J, Shimizu Y, Ino-oka E, Takishima T:Pressure-leugth loop in the ischemic segment during left circumflex coronary artery stenosis and its modification by afterload reducing in excised perfused canine hearts. Basic Res in Cardiol 79:155-163, 1984.
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• 14) Isoyama S, Maruyama Y, Ashikawa K, Sato S, Suzuki H, Watanabe J, Shimizu Y, Ino-oka E, Takishima T:Effects of afterload reduction on global left ventricular and regional myocardial functions in the isolated canine heart with a stenosis of a coronary arterial branch. Circulation 67:139-147, 1983.
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• 15) Maruyama Y, Nishioka O, Nozaki E, Kinoshita H, Kyono H, Koiwa Y, Takishima T:Effects of arterial distensibility on left ventricular ejection in the depressed contractile state. Cardiovasc Res 27:182-187, 1993.
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• 16) Finkelstein SM, Cohn JN, Collins VR, Carlyle PE, Shelly WJ:Vascular hemodynamic im-pedance in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 55:423-27, 1985.

• 17) Nishioka O, Maruyama Y, Ashikawa K, Isoyama S, Satoh S, Suzuki H, Watanabe J, Watanabe H, Shimizu Y, Ino-oka E, Takishima T:Effects of changes in afterload impedance on left ventricular ejection in isolated canine hearts;Dissociation of end-ejection from end-systole. Cardiovasc Res 21:107-118, 1987.

• 18) Satoh S, Maruyama Y, Ashikawa K, Isoyama S, Suzuki H, Watanabe J, Nishioka O, Ino-oka E, Takishima T:Effects of preload alteration on the degree of ischemia and function of ischemic myocardium under constant mean aortic pressure, coronary perfusion pressure and heart rate in isolated perfused canine heart. Jpn Circ J 50:1100-1112, 1986.
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P.48 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Wei CM, et al.:Circulating β-atrial natriuretic factor in congestive heart failure in humans. Circulation 88:1016, 1993.

• 2) Munzel T, et al.:Mechanisms involved in the response to prolonged infusion of atrial natriuretic factor in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 83:191, 1991.
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• 3) Cavero PG, et al:Cardiorenal actions of neutral endopeptidase inhibition in experimental congestive heart failure. Circulation 82:196, 1990.
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• 4) Yoshimura M, et al.:Different secretion patterns of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 87:464, 1993.
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• 5) Morita E, et al.:Increased plasma levels of brain natriuretic peptide in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 88:82, 1993.
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• 6) Creager MA, et al:Contribution of vasopressin to vasoconstriction in patients with congestive heart failure:Comparison with the renin-angiotensin system and the sympathetic nervous system. J Am Coll Cardiol 7:758, 1986.
  pubmed

• 7) Dancun J, et al:Elevated endotherin-1 in heart failure and loss of normal response to postural change. Circulation 85:510, 1992.

• 8) Katz SD, et al.:Impaired acetylcholine-mediated vasodilation in patients with congestive heart failure;Role of endothelium derived vasodilating and vasoconstricting factors. Circulation 88:55, 1993.
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• 9) Finkel MS, et al.:Negative inotropic effects of cytokines on the heart mediated by nitric oxide. Science 257:387, 1992.
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• 10) Packer M, et al:Role of neurohormonal mechanism in determining survival in patients with severe chronic heart failure. Circulation 75 (Suppl IV):N-80, 1987.

P.56 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Forrester JS, et al:Functional significance of regional ischemic contraction abnormalities. Circulation 54:64-70, 1976.
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• 2) Dougherty AH, Naccarelli GV, Gray EL, et al:Congestive heart failure with normal systolic function. Am J Cardiol 54:778-782, 1984.
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• 3) Shah PM, Pai RG:Diastolic heart failure. Curr Probl Cardiol December 783-868, 1992.

• 4) Maruyama Y, Ashikawa K, Isoyama S, et al:Mechanical interactions between four heart chambers with and without the pericardium in canine heart. Circ Res 50:86-100, 1982.
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• 5) Watanabe J, Levine MJ, Bellotto F, Johnson RG, Grossman W:Effects of coronary venous pressure on left ventricular diastolic distensibility. Circ Res 67:923-932, 1990.
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• 6) Maehara K, Maruyama Y, Yoshikata S, et al:Effects of exercise stress on left ventricular end diastolic pressure-length strain relations in dogs with and without coronary stenosis. Cardiovasc Res 26:770-778, 1992.
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• 7) Thomas JD, Weyman AE:Echocardiographic doppler evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function. Physics and Physiology. Circulation 84:977, 1991.
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• 8) Suga H, Sagawa K, Shoukas AA:Load independence of the instantaneous pressure-volume ratio of the canine left ventricle and effects of epinephrine and heart rate on the ratio. Circ Res 32:314, 1973.
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• 9) Nishioka O, Maruyama Y. Ashikawa K, Isoyama S, Satoh S, Watanabe J, Shimizu Y, Takishima T:Load dependency of end-systolic pressure-volume relations in isolated, ejecting canine hearts. Jpn Heart J 29(5):709-722, 1988
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• 10) Maruyama Y, Nishioka O, Nozaki E, Kinoshita H, Kyono H, Koiwa Y, Takishima T:Effects of arterial distensibility on left ventricular ejection in the depressed contractile state. Cardiovasc Res 27:182-187, 1993
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• 11) Weisler AM, Havis WC, Schoenfeld CD:Bedside technics for the evaluation of ventricular function in man. Am J Cardiol 23:577-583, 1969

P.61 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Braunwald E, Grossman W:Clinical aspects of heart Failure. In:Braunwald E. ed. Heart disease/A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 444, Philadelphia, Saunders, 1992.

• 2) Zelis R, Flaim SF:Alterations in vasomotor tone in congestive heart failure. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 24:437, 1982.
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• 3) Braunwald E:Pathophysiology of herat failure. In:Braunwald E. ed. Heart disease/A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 393, Philadelphia Saunders, 1992.

• 4) Francis GS:The relationship of the sympathetic nervous system and the renin-angiotensin system in congestive heart failure. Am Heart J 118:642, 1989.
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• 5) Moe GW, Legault L, Skorecki KL:Control of extracellular fluid volume and pathophysiology of edema formation. In:Brenner BM, and Rector FC Jr eds:The Kidney. 623, Philadelphia, Saunders, 1991.

• 6) Cohen JA, Kaplan MM:Left-sided heart failure presenting as hepatitis. Gastroenterology 74:583, 1978.
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• 7) Gibson PR, Dudley FJ:Ischemic hepatitis:Clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis. Aust NZ J Med 14:822, 1984

• 8) 奥田博明, 安島豊子, 小幡 裕:心不全における臓器相関.重症心不全と肝機能障害. 呼吸と 循環40:233, 1992

• 9) Williams, L. F. Jr.:Hemorrhagic shock as a source of unconsciousness. Surg. Clin N Am 48:263, 1968
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P.65 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Braunwald E:Clinical manifestation of heart failure. In"Heart Disease", eds. Braunwald E, pp. 471-484, W. B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1988.

P.73 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Weber KT, Kinasewittz GT, Janicki JS, Fishman AP:Oxygen utilization and ventilation during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 65:1213-1223, 1982.

• 2) Minotti JR, Christoph I, Massie BM:Skeletal muscle function, morphology, and metabolism in patients with congestive heart failure. Chest 101:333S-339S, 1992.
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• 3) Franciosa JA, Leddy CL, Wilen M, Schwartz DE:Relation between hemodynamic and ventilatory responses in determining exercise capacity in severe congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 53:127-134, 1984.
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• 4) Wilson JR, Martin JL, Schwartz D, Ferraro N:Exercise intolerance in patients with chronic heart failure;role of impaired nutritive flow to skeletal muscle. Circulation 69:1079-1087, 1984.
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• 5) Sullivan MJ, Knight JD, Higginbotham MB, Cobb FR:Relation between central and peripheral hemodynamics during exercise in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 80:769-781, 1989.
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• 6) Wilson JR, Wiener DH, Finn LI, Ferraro N:Vasodilatory behavior of skeletal muscle arterioles in patients with nonedematous chronic heart failure. Circulation 74:775-779, 1986.

• 7) LeJemtel TH, Maskin CS, Lucido D, Chadwick BJ:Failure to augment maximal limb blood flow in response to one-leg versus two-leg exercise in patients with severe heart failure. Circulation 74:245-251, 1986.
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• 8) Bristow MR, Hershberger RE, Port JD, Gilbert EM, Sandoval A, Rasmussen R, Cates AE, Feldman AM:β-Adrenergic pathway in nonfailing and failing human ventricular myocardium. Circulation 82:1-12-1-25, 1990.

• 9) Fishman AP, Ledlie JF:Dyspnea. Bull Europ Physiopath Resp 15:789-804, 1979.

• 10) Wasserman K, Whipp BJ:Exercise physiology in health and disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 112:219-249, 1975.
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• 11) Sullivan MJ, Higginbotham MB, Cobb FR:Exercise training in patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction. Circulation 78:506-515, 1988.
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P.84 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Kjekshus J:Arrhythmias and mortality in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 65:42-48, 1990.

• 2) Bigger JT:Why patients with heart failure die:arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death. Circulation 75 (Suppl):28-35, 1987.

• 3) Francis GS:Development of arrhythmias in the patients with congestive heart failure:pathophysiology, prevalence and prognosis. Am J Cardiol 57:3B-7B, 1986.

• 4) Packer M;Lack of relation between ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation 85 (Suppl):50-56, 1992.

• 5) Gorgels APM, Vos MA, Smeets JLRL et al:Ventricular arrhythmia and heart failure. Am J Cardiol 70:37C-43C, 1992.

• 6) Anderson JL:Clinical implications of new studies in the treatment of benign, potentially malignant and malignant ventricular arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol 65:36B-43B, 1990.
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• 7) Moalic JM, Charlemagne D, Mansier P, et al:Cardiac hypertrophy and failure-a disease of adaptation:modifications of membrane proteins provide a molecular basis for arrhythmogenicity. Circulation 87 (Suppl):21-26, 1993.

• 8) CAPS Investigators:The Cardiac Arrhythmia Pilot Study. Am J Cardiol 57:91, 1986.

• 9) Pratt CM, Moye LA:The Cardiac Arrhythmia Suppression trial:background, interim results and implications. Am J Cardiol 65:20 B, 1990.

• 10) Gill J, Heel RC, Fitton A:Amiodarone. An overview of its pharmacological properties, and review of its therapeutic use in cardiac arrhythmias. Drugs 43:69-110, 1992.
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• 11) Fletcher RD et al. V-HeFT VA Cooperative Studies Group:Enalapril decreases prevalence of ventricular tachycardia in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. Circulation 87 (Suppl):49-55, 1993.

III. 心不全の臨床所見

P.116 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Guyton AC:Textbook of Medical Physiololgy 4th. ed., W. B. Saunders Company, 1981

• 2) Branthwaite MA, Bradley RD. Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution in man. Am Appl Physiol 968;24:434-438

• 3) Lewis JF, Kuo LC, Nelson JG, Limacher MC, Quinones MA. Pulsed Doppler echocardiographic determination of stroke volume and cardiac output:Clinical validation of two methods using apical window. Circulation 70:425-431, 1984
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• 4) Pombo JF, et al:Left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by echocardiography. Circulation 43:480, 1971
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• 5) Teichholz LE, et al:Problems in echocardiographic volume determinations:Echocardiographic-angiographic correlations in the presence or absence of asynergy. Am J Cardiol 32:7, 1976
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• 6) Gibson DG:Estimation of left ventricular size by echocardiography. Br Heart J 35:128, 1976

• 7) Suga H, Sagawa K, Shoukas AA. Load independence of the instantaneous pressure-volume ratio of the canine left ventricule and effects of epinephrine and heart rate on the ratio. Circ Res 32. 314-3231973.

• 8) Kass DA. Midel M, Brinker J et al. Influence of coronary occlusion during PTCA on endsystolic and end-diastolic pressure-volume relations in humans. Circulation 81:447-60, 1990

• 9) Taw RT, Griffith LSC, Conti CR, Dicci H, Weisfeldt ML. Impaired isovolumic relaxation during pacing induced ischemia in man. Circulation 54:II-6, 1976

• 10) Brodde OE, Kretsch R et al. Human β-adrenoceptors:Relation of myocardial and lymphocyte β-adrenoceptor density. Science 231:1684, 1986

• 11) Jin O, Sole MJ, et al:Detection of enterovirus RNA in myocardial biopsies from patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy using gene amplification by polymerase chain reaction. Circulation 82:8-16, 1990
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• 12) Hori M, Sato H, Kitakaze M, et al:β-adrenergic stimulation disassembles microtubules in neonatal rat cultured cardiomyocyte through intracellular Ca2+ overload. Circ Res 75:324-334, 1994

IV. 心不全の治療

P.123 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Smith TW et al:The management of heart failure in"Heart Disease". edited by Braunwald E, WB Saunders, 464, 1992

• 2) Nicod P et al:Acute hemodynamic effect of a vascular antagonist of vasopressin in patients with congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 55:1043-1047, 1985
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P.127 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Brodie BR, et al:Effects of sodium nitroprusside on left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations. J Clin Invest 59:59-68:1977

• 2) Ludbrook PA, et al:Influence of right ventricular hemodynamics on left ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in man. Circulation 59:21-31:1979

• 3) Warren SE, et al:Therapeutic approaches affecting diastolic ventricular function. Herz 16:33:1991
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• 4) Shah P, Pai RG:Diastolic heart failure. Curr Probl Cardiol:787-868, December, 1992.

• 5) Warren SE, Grossman W:Prognosis in heart failure. Is systolic or diastolic dysfunction more important? Herz 16:324-329:1991
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P.132 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Smith TW;Digitalis:mechanisms of action and clinical use. N Engl J Med 318:358, 1988

• 2) Furguson DW, et al:Sympathoinhibitory responses to digitalis glycosides in heart failure patients:Direct evidence from sympathetic neural recordings. Circulation 89:65, 1989

• 3) Gheorghiade M, et al:Hemodynamic effects of intravenous digoxin in patients with severe heart failure initially treated with diuretics and vasodilators. J Am Coll Cardiol 9:849, 1987
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• 4) Guyatt GH, et al:A controlled trial of digoxin in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol 61:371, 1988
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• 5) Cavpit AB, et al:Supression of the renin-angiotension system by iv digoxin in chronic congestive heart failure. Am J Med 75:445, 1983

• 6) Ferguson DW:Digitalis and neurohormonal abnormalities in heart failure and implications for therapy. AmJ Cardiol 69:24G, 1992

• 7) The Captoril-Digoxin Multicenter Research Group:Comparative effects of therapy with captopril and digoxin in patients with mild to moderate heart failure. JAMA 259:539, 1988

• 8) Packer M:Long-term strategies in the management of heart failure;Looking beyond ventricular function and symptoms. Am J Cardiol 69:150G, 1992
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• 9) Bolognes R, et al:Digitalis and heart failure:Does digitalis really produce beneficial effects through a positive inotropic action?Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 6:459, 1992

• 10) Packer M, et al:Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled, withdrawal study of digoxin in patients with chronic heart failure treated with converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 19:260A, 1992

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