書籍詳細

1. ストレスと脳腸相関からみた過敏性腸症候群

P.8 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Fukudo S, et al.:J Clin Gastroenterol 17:133-141, 1993
  pubmed

• 2) Drossman DA, et al.:Rome III:The Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders:Third Edition. Degnon Associates, McLean, 2006

• 3) Longstreth GF, et al.:Gastroenterology 130:1480-1491, 2006
  pubmed

• 4) Fukudo S, Suzuki J.:Tohoku J Exp Med 151:373-386, 1987
  pubmed

• 5) Kanazawa M, et al.:Dig Dis Sci 49:1046-1053, 2004
  pubmed

• 6) Fukudo S, et al.:J Gastroenterol 37(Suppl 14) :145-150, 2002

• 7) Kanazawa M, et al, :Am J Gastroenterol 103:2550-2561, 2008
  pubmed

• 8) Szurszewski JH, Miller SM:In;Johnson LR, edt.:Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, 3rd edition, pp795-877, Raven, New York, 1994

• 9) Mearin F, et al.:Gastroenterology 129:98-104. 2005
  pubmed

• 10) Barbara G, et al.:Gastroenterology 132:26-37, 2007
  pubmed

• 11) Dinan TG, et al.:Gastroenterology 130:304-311, 2006
  pubmed

• 12) Fukudo S, et al.:Gut 42:845-84, 1998
  pubmed

• 13) Sagami Y, et al.:Gut 53:958-964, 2004
  pubmed

• 14) Tayama J, et al.:Neurogastroenterol Motil 19:471-483, 2007

• 15) Saito K, et al.:Gastroenterology 129:1533-43, 2005
  pubmed

• 16) Saito-Nakaya K, et al.:Neurogastroenterol Motil 20:1147-1156, 2008
  pubmed

• 17) Fukudo S, et al.:Gut 55:146-148, 2006
  pubmed

• 18) O'Mahony L, et al:Gastroenterology 128:541-551. 2005
  pubmed

• 19) Kassinen A, et al.: Gastroenterolog 133:24-33, 2007

• 20) Rousseaux C, et al:Nat Med 13:3-37, 2007

• 21) Tana C, et al.:Gastroenterology 134 (Suppl 1) :A158, 2008

• 22) Tana C, et al.:Gastroenterology 136 (Suppl 1) :A420, 2009

2. 脳腸相関に対する共生細菌の影響 : 機能性消化器疾患の理解と治療の意義

P.14 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Marchesi J, Shanahan F. The normal intestinal microbiota. Curr Opin lnfect Dis 2007;20(5) :508-513.
  pubmed

• 2) Smith K, McCoy KD, Macpherson AJ. Use of axenic animals in studying the adaptation of mammals to their commensal intestinal microbiota. Semin Immunol 2007;19(2) :59-69.

• 3) Macpherson AJ, Harris NL. Interactions between commensal intestinal bacteria and the immune system. Nat Rev Immunol 2004;4 (6) :478-485.
  pubmed

• 4) Backhed , Ley RE, Sonnenburg JL, Peterson D, Gordon JI. Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine. Science 2005;307 (5717) :1915-1920.
  pubmed

• 5) Hooper LV. Gordon JI. Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut. Science 2001;292(5519) :1115. 1118.

• 6) Backhed F, Ding H, Wang T, Hooper LV, Koh GY, Nagy A et al. The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage. Proc 7Vatl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(44) :15718-15723.
  pubmed

• 7) Stappenbeck TS, Hooper LV, Gordon JI. Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002;99 (24) :15451-15455.
  pubmed

• 8) Macpherson AJ, Geuking MB, McCoy KD. Immune responses that adapt the intestinal mucosa to commensal intestinal bacteria. Immunology 2005;115 (2) :153-162.
  pubmed

• 9) Hawrelak JA, Myers SP. The causes of intestinal dysbiosis:a review. Altern Med Rev 2004;9(2) :180-197.
  pubmed

• 10) Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, Cremon C, Cottrell GS, Santini D et al. Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2004;126(3) :693-702.
  pubmed

• 11) Folks DG. The interface of psychiatry and irritable bowel syndrome. Curr Psychiatr. v Rep 2004;6(3) :210-215.

• 12) Maunder RG, Levenstein S. The role of stress in the development and clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease:epidemiologi-cal evidence. Curr Mol Med 2008;8 (4) :247-252.

• 13) McHugh KJ, Collins SM, Weingarten HP. Central interleukin-1 receptors contribute to suppression of feeding after acute colitis in the rat. Am J Physiol 1994;266:R1659-1663.
  pubmed

• 14) Qiu BS, Vallance BA, Blennerhassett PA, Collins SM. The role of CD4+lymphocytes in the susceptibility of mice to stress-induced reactivation of experimental colitis. Nat Med 1999;5(10) :1178-1182.
  pubmed

• 15) Ghia JE, Blennerhassett P, Kumar-Ondiveeran H, Verdu EF, Collins SM. The vagus nerve:a tonic inhibitory influence associated with inflammatory bowel disease in a murine model. Gastroenterology 2006;131(4) :1122. 1130.

• 16) Tracey KJ. The inflammatory reflex. Nature 2002;420(6917) :853-85.
  pubmed

• 17) Ghia JE, Blennerhassett P, Collins SM. Impaired parasympathetic function increases susceptibility to inflammatory bowel disease in amouse model of depression. J Clin lnvest 2008;118(6) :2209-2218.

• 18) Tannock GW, Savage DC. Influences of dietary and environmental stress on microbial popuiations in the murine gastrointestinal tract. Infect lmmun 1974;9 (3) :591-598.

• 19) Bailey MT, Coe CL Maternal separation disrupts the integrity of the intestinal microflora in infant rhesus monkeys. Dev Psychobiol 1999;35 (2) :146-155.
  pubmed

• 20) Bailey MT, Lubach GR, Coe CL Prenatal stress alters bacterial colonization of the gut in infant monkeys. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2004;38 (4) :414-421.
  pubmed

• 21) Scott LD, Cahall DL. Influence of the interdigestive myoelectric complex on enteric flora in the rat. Gastroenterology 1982;82(4) 737-745.
  pubmed

• 22) Madsen K, Cornish A, Soper P, McKaigney C, Jijon H, Yachimec C et a. Probiotic bacteria enhance murine and human intestinal epithelial barrier function. Gastroenterology 2001;121 (3) :580-591.
  pubmed

• 23) Freestone PP, Williams PH, Haigh RD, Maggs AF, Neal CP, Lyte M. Growth stimulation 6f intestinal commensal Escherichia coli by catecholamines:a possible contributory factor in trauma-induced sepsis. Shock 2002;18 (5) :465. 470.

• 24) Kiliaan AJ. Saunders PR, Bijlsma PB, Berin MC, Taminiau JA, Groot JA et al:Stress stimulates transepithelial macromolecular uptake in rat jejunum. Am J Physiol 1998 Nov;275. (5 Pt 1) :G1037-1444.

• 25) Varghese A, Verdu E, Bercik P, Khan WI, Blennerhassett PA, Szechtman H et al. Antidepressants attenuate increased suscepti-bility to colitis in a murine model of depression. Gastroenterology, 2006;130(6) :1743-175.

• 26) Green BT, Lyte M, Kulkarni-Narla , Brown DR. Neuromodulation of enteropathogen internalization in Peyer's patches from porcine jejunum. J Neuroimmunol 2003;141(1-2) :7. 8.

• 27) Gaykema RP, Goehler LE, Lyte M. Brain response to cecal infection with Campylobacter jejuni:analysis with Fos immunohisto-chemistry. Brain Behav Immun 2004;18(3) :238-245.

• 28) Lyte M, Li W, Opitz N, Gaykema RP, Goehler LE. Induction of anxiety-like behavior in mice during the initial stages of infection with the agent of murine colonic hyperplasia Citrobacter rodentiu. Physiol Behav 2006;89(3) :350-357.
  pubmed

• 29) Morgan MY. The treatment of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogastroenterology. 1991;38(5) :377-387.
  pubmed

• 30) Ledochowski M, Sperner-Unterweger B, Widner B, Fuchs D. Fructose malabsorption is associated with early signs of mental depression. Eur J Med Res 1998;3 (6) :295-298.
  pubmed

• 31) Ledochowski M, Widner B, Sperner-Unterweger B, Propst T, Vogel W, Fuchs D. Carbohydrate malabsorption syndromes and early signs of mental depression in females. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45(7) :1255-1259.
  pubmed

• 32) Ledochowski M, Widner B, Bair H, Probst T, Fuchs D. Fructos-and sorbitol-reduced diet improves mood and gastrointestinal disturbances in fructose malabsorbers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000;35(10) :1048-1052.

• 33) Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song , Liu C, Vaisanen ML, Bolte E et al. Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism Clin Infect Dis 2002;35 (Suppl 1) :S6-S16.

• 34) Sandler R, Finegold SM, Bolte E, Buchanan C, Maxwell A Vaisanen ML et al Short-term benefit from oral vancomycin treat-ment of regressive-onset autism. J Child Neurol 2000;15(7) :429-435.

• 35) Whelan J. Antibiotics:a possible treatment for regressive-onset autism. Drug Discov Today. 2000;5(11) :487-488.
  pubmed

• 36) Sudo N, Chida Y, Aiba Y, Son6da J, Oyama , Yu XN et al Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system for stress response in mice. J Physiol 2004;558(Pt 1) :263. 275.

• 37) Verdu EF, Bercik P, Verma-Gandhu M, Huang XX, Blennerhassett P, Jackson W et al Specific probiotic therapy attenuates antibi-otic induced visceral hypersensitivity in mice. Gut 2006;55(2) :182-190.

• 38) Garakani A, Win T, Virk S, Gupta S, Kaplan D, Masand PS. Comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome in psychiatric patients:a review. Am J Ther 2003;10 (1) :61-67.
  pubmed

• 39) Spiller RC. Postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2003;124(6) 1662-1671.
  pubmed

• 40) Mendall MA, Kumar D. Antibiotic use, childhood affluence and irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) . Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10 (1) :59-62.
  pubmed

• 41) Ruigomez A, Garcia Rodriguez LA, Panes J. Risk of irritable bowel syndrome after an episode of bacterial gastroenteritis in general practice:influence of comorbidities. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5(4) :465-469.
  pubmed

• 42) Park JH, Rhee PL, Kim HS, Lee JH, Kim YH, Kim JJ, Rhee JC, et al. Mucosal mast cell counts correlate with visceral hypersensi-tivity in patients with diarrhea predominant irritable bowel syndrome. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006 Jan;21(1 Pt 1) :71-78.

• 43) Gwee KA, Collins SM, Read NW, Rajnakova A, Deng , Graham JC et al. Increased rectal mucosal expression of interleukin 1 beta in recently acquired post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2003;52 (4) :523-526.
  pubmed

3. 消化管炎症と運動機能

P.22 掲載の参考文献

• Akbarali HI, Pothoulakis C, Castagliuolo I. (2000) Altered ion channel activity in murine colonic smooth muscle myocytes in an experimental colitis model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 275(2) :637-642.

• Hori M, Kita M Torihashi S, Miyamoto , Won KJ, Sato K, Ozaki H, Karaki H . (2001) Upregulation of iNOS by COX-2 in muscularis resident macrophage of rat intestine stimulated with LPS. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 280(5) : G930-938.
  pubmed

• Jin X, Malykhina AP, Lupu F, Akbarali HI. (2004) Altered gene expression and increased bursting activity of colonic smooth muscle ATP-sensitive K+channels in experimental colitis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 287(1) :G274-285.
  pubmed

• Kinoshita K, Sato K, Hori M, Ozaki H, Karaki H(2003) Decrease in activity of smooth muscle L-type Ca2+channels and its reversal by NF-kappaB inhibitors in Crohn's colitis model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 285(3) :G483-p493.
  pubmed

• Mikkelsen HB. (1995) Macrophages in the extemal muscle layers of mammalian intestines. Histol Histopathol 10(3) :719-736.

• Nieuwenhuijs VB, van Duijvenbode-Beumer H, Verheem A, Visser MR, Verhoef J, Gooszen HG, Akkermans LM. (1999) The effects of ABT-229 and octreotide on interdigestive small bowel motility, bacterial overgrowth and bacterial translocation in rats. Eur J Clin invest 29 (1) :33-40.
  pubmed

• Ohama T, Hori M, Fujisawa M, Kiyosue M, Hashimoto M, Ikenoue Y, Jinno Y, Miwa , Matsumoto T, Murata T Ozaki H. (2008) Downregulation of CPI-17 contributes to dysfunctional motility in chronic intestinal inflammation model mice and ulcerative colitis patients. J Gastroenterol 43 (11) :858. 865.

• Ohama T, Hori M, Momotani E, Elorza , Gerthoffer WT, Ozaki H(2007) IL-1 beta inhibits intestinal smooth muscle proliferation in an organ culture system:involvement of COX-2 and iNOS induction in muscularis resident macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 292 (5) :G1315-1322.

• Ohama T, Hori M, Sato K, Ozaki H, Karaki H(2003) Chronic treatment with interleukin-1 beta attenuates contractions by decreasing the activities of CPI-17and MYPT-1 in intestinal smooth muscle. J Biol chem 278(49) :48794-48804.

• Ozaki H, Kawai T, Won KJ, Suzuki T, Sato K, Horiguchi H, Hori M, Karaki H, Torihashi S, Ward SM, Sanders KM(2004) Isolation and characterization of resident macrophages from the smooth muscle layers of murine small intestine. Neurogastroenterology and Motility 16:1-13.
  pubmed

• Sato K, Ninomiya H, Ohkura S, Ozaki , Nasu T(2006) Impairment of PAR-2-mediated relaxation system in colonic smooth muscle after intestinal inflammation. Br J Pharmacol 148(2) :200-207.
  pubmed

4. 過敏性腸症候群の病態とストレス分子 : 結腸運動からの検討

P.32 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Drossman DA, Camilleri M, Mayer EA, and Whitehead WE:AGA technical review on irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 123:2108-2131, 2002.
  pubmed

• 2) Maillot C, Wang L, Million M, Tache Y:Intraperitoneal corticotropin-releasing factor and urocortin induce Fos expres-sion in brain and spinal autonomic nuclei and long lasting stimulation of colonic motility in rats. Brain Res 974:70-81, 2003

• 3) Owens MJ and Nameroff CB:Physiology and pharmacology of corticotrophin-releasing factor. J Pharmacol Rev 43:425-473, 1991.

• 4) Tsukamoto K, Nakade Y, Mantyh C, Ludwig K, Papas TN, and Takahashi T:Peripherally administrated CRF stimulates colonic motility via central CRF receptors and vagal pathways in conscious rats. Am J Physiol Regulatory lntegrative Comp Physiol 290:1537-1541, 2006.

• 5) Vaughan J, Donaldson C, Bittencourt J, Perrin MH, Lewis K, Sutton S, Chan R, Turnbull AV, Lovejoy D, Rivier C, Sawchenko PE, and Vale W.:Urocortin, a mammalian neuropeptide related to fish urotensin I and to corticotropin-releas-ing factor. Nature 378:287-292, 1995.

5. プロバイオティクスと過敏性腸症候群

P.39 掲載の参考文献

• 1) O'Hara AM, Shanahan F. Gut microbiota:mining for therapeutic potential. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:274-284.
  pubmed

• 2) Isolauri E, Kalliomaki M, Laitinen K, Salminen S. Modulation of the maturing gut barrier and microbiota:anovel target in allergic disease. Curr Pharm Des 2008;14:1368. 1375.

• 3) Rachmilewitz D, Kayatura, Karmeli F, et al. Toll-like receptor g signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory effects of probi-otics in murine experimental colitis. Gastroenterology 2004;126:520. 528.

• 4) Jijon H, Backer J, Diaz H, Yeung H, Thiel D, McKaigney C, De Simone C, Madsen K. DNA from probiotic bacteria mod-ulates murine and human epithelial and immune function. Gastroenterology 2004;126:1358-1373.

• 5) Quigley EM. Bacterial flora in irritable bowel syndrome:role in pathophysiology, implications for management. J Dig Dis 2007;8:2-7.
  pubmed

• 6) Thabane M, Kottachchi DT, Marshall JK. Systematic review and meta-analysis:The incidence and prognosis of post-infec-tious irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2007;26:535. 544.

• 7) Marshall JK, Thabane M, Borgaonkar MR, James C. Postinfectious Irritable Bowel Syndrome after a Food-Borne Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis Attributed to a Viral Pathogen. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5:457-460.
  pubmed

• 8) Quigley EMM. Bacteria:anew player in gastrointestinal motility disorders-infections, bacterial overgrowth and probioti-otics. Gastroenterol Clin N Am 2007;36:735-748.

• 9) Chadwick V, Chen W, Shu D, Paulus B, Bethwaite P, Tie A, Wilson I. Activation of the mucosal immune system in irrita-ble bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2002;122:1778. 1783.

• 10) Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V, de Giorgio R, Cremon C, Di Nardo G, Trevisani M, Campi B, Geppetti P, Tonini M, Bunnett NW, Grundy D, Corinaldesi R. Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:26-37.
  pubmed

• 11) Cenac N, Andrews CN, Holzhausen M, Chapman K, Cottrell G, Andrade-Gordon P, Steinhoff M, Barbara G, Beck P, Bummett NW, Sharkey KA, Ferraz JGP, Shaffer E, Vergnolle N. Role for protease activity in visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome. J Clin lnvest 2007;117:636-647.

• 12) Aerssens J, Camilleri M, Talloen W, Thielemans L, G6hlmann HW, Van Den Wyngaert I, Thielemans T, De Hoogt R, Andrews CN, Bharucha AE, Carlson PJ, Busciglio I, Burton DD, Smyrk T, Urrutia R, Coulie B. Alterations in mucosal immunity identified in the colon of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:194-205.

• 13) Holmen N, Isaksson S, Simren M, Sjovall H, Ohman L. CD4+CD25+regulatory T cells in irritable bowel syndrome patients. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:119-125.

• 14) MacSharry J, O'Mahony L, Fanning A, Bairead E, Sherlock G, Tiesman J, Fulmer A, Kiely B, Dinan TG, Shanahan F, Quigley EMM. Mucosal cytokine imbalance in irritable bowel syndrome(IBS) . Scand J Gastroenterol(in press) .

• 15) McCarthy L, Kelly J, Hurley P, Luo G, O' Sullivan FY, Kiely GC, Collins B, Shanahan JK, Quigley F, Randomized EMMA. Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Comparison of the Probiotic Bacteria Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in Irritable Bowel Syndrome(IBS) :Symptom Responses and Relationship to Cytokine Profiles. Gastroenterology. 2005;128: 541-551.

• 16) Liebregts T, Adam B, Bredack C, Roth A, Heinzel S, Lester S, Downie-Doyle S, Smith E, Drew P, Talley NJ, Holtmann G. Immune activation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007;132:913. 920.

• 17) Dinan TG, Quigley EM, Ahmed SM, Scully P, O'Brien S, O'Mahony L, O'Mahony S, Shanahan F, Keeling Pw. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gut axis dysregulation in irritable bowel syndrome:plasma cytokines as a potential biomarker? Gastroenterology 2006;130:304-311.
  pubmed

• 18) Alonso C, Guilarte M Vicario M, Raomos L, Ramadan Z, Antolin M, Martinez C, Rezzi S, Saperas E, Kochhar S, Santos J, Malagelada JR. Maladaptive intestinal epithelial responses to life stress may predispose healthy wpmen to gut mucosal inflammation. Gastroenterology 2008;135:163-172.

• 19) Kassinen A, Krogius-Kurikka L, Mokivuokko H, Rinttila T, Paulin L, Corander J, Malinen E, Apajalahti J, Palva A. The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. Gastroenterology 2007;133:24-33.

• 20) Shanahan F. Irritable bowel syndrome:shifting the focus toward the gut microbiota. Gastroenterology 2007;133:340-342.
  pubmed

• 21) Quigley EMM, A 51-year old with Ibs. Test or treat for bacterial overgrowth?clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;5: 1140-1143.
  pubmed

• 22) Posserud I, Stotzer PO, Bjornsson E, Abrahamsson H, Simren M. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2007;56:802. 808.

• 23) Bratten JR, Spanier J, Jones MP. Lactulose breath testing does not discriminate patients with irritable bowel syndrome from healthy controls. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:958-963.

• 24) Parkes GC, Brostoff J, Whelan K, Sanderson JD. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome:their role in its pathogenesis and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 2008;103:1557-1567.
  pubmed

• 25) Quigley EMM, Flourie B. Probiotics in irritable bowel syndrome:a rationale for their use and an assessment of the ev-idence to date. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19:166-172.

• 26) McFarland LV, Dublin S. Meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2008;14:2650-2661.
  pubmed

• 27) Wilhelm SM, Brubaker CM, Varcak EA, Kale-Pradhan PB. Effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28:496-505.
  pubmed

• 28) Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Rahimi F, Derakhshani S, Abdollahi M. Efficacy of Probiotics in lrritable Bowel Syndrome:A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. Dis Colon Rectum 2008 May 9. [Epub ahead of print].

• 29) Quigley EMM. What is the evidence for the use of probiotics in functional disorders?Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2008(in press) .

• 30) Whorwell PJ, Altinger L, Morel J, Bond Y, Charbonneau D, O Mahony L, Kiely B, Shanahan B, Quigley EM Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with initable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101;326-333.

• 31) Drouault-Holowacz S, Bieuvelet S, Burckel A, Cazaubiel M, Dray X, Marteau P. Double-blind randomized controlled trial of a probiotic combination in 100 patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 2008;32:147-152.
  pubmed

• 32) Sinn DH, Song JH, Kim HJ, Lee JH, Son HJ, Chang DK, Kim YH, Kim JJ, Rhee JC, Rhee PL. Therapeutic effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus-SDC 2012, 2013in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2008;[Epub ahead of print].

• 33) Dughera L, Elia C, Navino M, Cisaro F, ARMONIA Study group. Effects of symbiotic preparations on constipated irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Acta Biomedica 2007;78:111-116.

• 34) Huertas-Ceballos A, Logan S, Bennett C, Macarthur C. Dietary interventions for recurrent abdominal pain(RAP) and irrtable bowel syndrome(IBS) in childhood. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 CDOO3019.

• 35) Bueno L. de Ponti F. Fried M. Kullak-Ublick GA, Kwiatek MA, Pohl D, Quigley EM, Tack J, Talley NJ. Serotonergic and non-serotonergic targets in the pharmacotherapy of visceral hypersensitivity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2007;19(1 Suppl) :89-119.

• 36) Rousseaux C, Thuru X, Gelot A, Barnich N, Neut C, Dubuquoy L, Dubuquoy C, Merour E, Geboes K, Chamaillard M, Ouwehand A, Lyer G, Carcano D, Colombel J-F, Ardid D, Desreumaux P. Lactobacillus acidophilus modulates intestinal pain and induces opioid and cannabinoid receptors. Nature Med 2007;13:35-37.

• 37) Duncker SC, Wang L, Hols P, Bienenstock J. The d-alanine content of lipoteichoic acid is crucial for Lactobacillus plantarum-mediated protection from visceral pain perception in a rat colorectal distension model. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2008 Feb 25[Epub ahead of print].

• 38) Ohashi K, Sato Y, Kawai M, Kurebayashi Y. Abolishment of TNBS-induced visceral hypersensitivity in mast cell deficient mice. Life Sci 2008;82:419-423.

• 39) Aerssens J, Hillsley K, Peeters PJ, de Hoogt R, Stanisz A, Lin JH, Van den Wyngaert I, Gohlmann HW, Grundy D, Stead RH, Coulie B. Alterations in the brain-gut axis underlying visceral chemosensitivity in Nippostrongylus brasiliensis-infect-ed mice. Gastroenterology 2007;132:1375-1387.

• 40) Winston J, Shenoy M, Medley D, Naniwadekar A, Pasricha PJ. The vanilloid receptor initiates and maintains colonic hypersensitivity induced by neonatal colon irritation in rats. Gastroenterology 2007;132:615-627.
  pubmed

6. 精神的ストレス要因が腸内微生物に与える影響

P.51 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Badgley LE, Spiro HM and Senay EC. Effect of mental arithmetic on gastric secretion. 1969. Psychophysiology 5:633-637.
  pubmed

• 2) Bailey MT and Coe CL Maternal separation disrupts the integrity of the intestinal microflora in infant rhesus monkeys. 1999. Dev Psychohiol 35:146-155.
  pubmed

• 3) Bailey MT, Engler H and Sheridan JF. Stress induces the translocation of cutaneous and gastrointestinal microflora to sec-ondary lymphoid organs of C57BL/6 mice. 2006. J Neuroimmunol 171:29. 37.

• 4) Bailey MT, Lubach GR and Coe CL. Prenatal stress alters bacterial colonization of the gut in infant monkeys. 2004. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 38:414-421.
  pubmed

• 5) Beaumont W. Experiments and observations on the gastric juice and the physiology of digestion. London:Edinburgh, 1838.

• 6) Bernet MF, Brassart D, Neeser JR and Servin AL. Adhesion of human bifidobacterial strains to cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen-cell interactions. 1993. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:4121-4128.
  pubmed

• 7) Bowers SL, Bilbo SD, Dhabhar FS and Nelson RJ. Stressor-specific alterations in corticosterone and immune responses in mice. 2008. Brain Behav lmmun 22:105. 113.

• 8) Cao SG, Wu WC, Han Z and Wang MY. Effects of psychological stress on small intestinal motility and expression of cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in plasma and small intestine in mice. 2005. World J Gastroenterol 11:737-740.

• 9) Clarke AS and Schneider ML. Prenatal stress has long-term effects on behavioral responses to stress in juvenile rhesus monkeys. 1993. Dev Psychobiol 26:293-304.
  pubmed

• 10) Coconnier MH, Bernet MF, Chauviere G and Servin AL Adhering heat-killed human Lactobacillus acidophilus, strain LB, inhibits the process of pathogenicity of diarrhoeagenic bacteria in cultured human intestinal cells. 1993. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 11:235-242.
  pubmed

• 11) Coconnier MH, Bernet MF, Kerneis S, Chauviere G, Fourniat J and Servin AL. Inhibition of adhesion of enteroinvasive pathogens to human intestinal Caco-2 cells by Lactobacillus acidophilus strain LB decreases bacterial invasion. 1993. FEMS microbiol Lett 110:299-305.
  pubmed

• 12) Coe CL, Kramer M, Czeh B, Gould E, Reeves AJ, Kirschbaum C and Fuchs E Prenatal stress diminishes neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of juvenile rhesus monkeys. 2003. Biol Psychiatry, 54:1025-1034.
  pubmed

• 13) Coe CL, Lubach GR and Karaszewski JW. Prenatal stress and immune recognition of self and nonself in the primate neonate. 1999. Biol Neonate 76:301-310.
  pubmed

• 14) Coe CL, Lubach GR, Karaszewski JW and Ershler WB. Prenatal endocrine activation alters postnatal cellular immunity in infant monkeys. 1996. Brain Behav lmmun 10:221-234.

• 15) Coe CL, Lulbach GR and Schneider ML. Prenatal disturbance alters the size of the corpus callosum in young monkeys. 2002. Dev Psychobiol 41:178-185.
  pubmed

• 16) Cohen S. Keynote Presentation at the Eight International Congress of Behavioral Medicine:the Pittsburgh common cold studies:psychosocial predictors of susceptibility to respiratory infectious illness. 2005. Int J. Behav Med 12:123-131.
  pubmed

• 17) Cohen S and Herbert TB. Health psychology:psychological factors and physical disease from the perspective of human psychoneuroimmunology. 1996. Annu Rev Psychol 47:113-142.
  pubmed

• 18) De CJ. Degeneration and regrowth of adrenergic nerve fibers in the rat peripheral tissues after 6-hydroxydopamine. 1971. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 49:345-355.

• 19) Dobbs CM, Feng N, Beck FM and Sheridan JF Neuroendocrine regulation of cytokine production during experimental influenza viral infection:effects of restraint stress-induced elevation in endogenous corticosterone. 1996. J Immunol 157: 1870-1877.
  pubmed

• 20) Dobbs CM, Vasquez M, Glaser R and Sheridan JF. Mechanisms of stress-induced modulation of viral pathogenesis and immunity. 1993. J Neuroimmunol 48:151-160.
  pubmed

• 21) Drasar BS, Shiner M and McLeod GM. Studies on the intestinal flora. The bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract in healthy and achlorhydric persons. 1969. Gastroenterology 56:71-79.
  pubmed

• 22) Everson CA and Toth LA. Systemic bacterial invasion induced by sleep deprivation. 2000. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 278:R905-R916.
  pubmed

• 23) Fagarasan S, Muramatsu M, Suzuki K, Nagaoka H, Hiai H and Honjo T. Critical roles of activation-induced cytidine deaminase in the homeostasis of gut flora. 2002. Science 298:1424-1427.
  pubmed

• 24) Frank DN and Pace NR. Gastrointestinal microbiology enters the metagenomics era. 2008. Curr Opin Gastroenterol 24: 4-10.
  pubmed

• 25) Frank DN, St Amand AL, Feldman RA, Boedeker EC, Harpaz N and Pace NR. Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. 2007. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:13780-13785.
  pubmed

• 26) Freestone PP and Lyte M. Microbial endocrinology:experimental design issues in the study of interkingdom signalling in infectious disease. 2008. Adv Appl Microbiol 64:75-105.

• 27) Freestone PP, Sandrini SM, Haigh RD and Lyte M. Microbial endocrinology:how stress influences susceptibility to infec-tion. 2008. Trends Microbiol 16:55-64.

• 28) Freestone PP, Williams PH, Haigh RD Maggs AF, Neal CP and Lyte M. Growth stimulation of intestinal commensal Escherichia coli by catecholamines:apossible contributory factor in trauma-induced sepsis. 2002. Shock 18:465-470.

• 29) Gallagher S, Phillips AC, Evans P, Der G, Hunt K and Carroll D, Caregiving is associated with low secretion rates of immunoglobulin A in saliva. 2008. Brain Behav lmmun 22:565-572.

• 30) Ge Z, Feng Y, Taylor NS, Ohtani M, Polz MF, Schauer DB and Fox JG. Colonization dynamics of altered Schaedler flora is influenced by gender, aging, and Helicobacter hepaticus infection in the intestines of Swiss Webster mice. 2006. Appl Environ microbiol 72:5100-5103.
  pubmed

• 31) Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, Gordon JI, Relman DA, Fraser-Liggett CM and Nelson KE. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. 2006. Science 312:1355. 1359.

• 32) Glaser R, Sheridan J, Malarkey WB, MacCallum RC and Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Chronic stress modulates the immune response to a pneumococcal pneumonia vaccine. 2000. Psychosom Med 62:804-807.
  pubmed

• 33) Gordon JI, Hooper LV, McNevin MS, Wong M and Bry L. Epithelial cell growth and differentiation III. Promoting diversity in the intestine:conversations between the microflora, epithelium, and diffuse GALT. 1997. Am J Physiol 273: G565-G570.
  pubmed

• 34) Hermann G, Beck FM and Sheridan JF Stress-induced glucocorticoid response modulates mononuclear cell trafficking during an experimental influenza viral infection. 1995. J Neuroimmunol 56:179-186.
  pubmed

• 35) Hisamatsu T, Inoue N, Yajima T, Izumiya M, Ichikawa H and Hibi T. Psychological aspects of inflamrnatory bowel dis-ease. 2007. J Gastroenterol 42 Suppl 17:34-40.

• 36) Holdeman LV, Good IJ and Moore WE. Human fecal flora:variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress. 1976. Appl Environ microbiol 31:359-375.

• 37) Holtmann G, Kriebel R and Singer MV. Mental stress and gastric acid secretion. Do personality traits influence the response?1990. Dig Dis Sci 35:998-1007.
  pubmed

• 38) Jabaaij L, van HJ, Vingerhoets JJ, Oostveen FG, Duivenvoorden. HJ. and. Ballieux. RE. Modulation of immune response to rDNA hepatitis B vaccination by psychological stress. 1996. J Psychosom Res 41:129-137.

• 39) Jarillo-Luna A, Rivera-Aguilar V, Garfias HR, Lara-Padilla E, Kormanovsky A and Campos-Rodriguez R. Effect of repeated restraint stress on the levels of intestinal IgA in mice. 2007. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:681-692.
  pubmed

• 40) Kassinen A, Krogius-Kurikka L, Makivuokko H, Rinttila T, Paulin L, Corander J, Malinen E, Apajalahti J and Palva A. The fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients differs significantly from that of healthy subjects. 2007. Gastroenterology 133:24-33.
  pubmed

• 41) Kiecolt-Glaser JK, Glaser R, Gravenstein S, Malarkey WB and Sheridan J. Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults. 1996. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:3043-3047.
  pubmed

• 42) Knowles SR, Nelson EA and Palombo EA. Investigating the role of perceived stress on bacterial flora activity and salivary cortisol secretion:apossible mechanism underlying susceptibility to illness. 2008. Biol Psychol 77:132-137.

• 43) Korneva EA, Rybakina EG, Orlov DS, Shamova OV, Shanin SN and Kokryakov VN. Interleukin-1 and defensins in ther-rmoregulation, stress, and immunity. 1997. Ann N Y Acad Sci 813:465-473.

• 44) Lenz HJ, Raedler A, Greten H, Vale WW and Rivier JE. Stress-induced gastrointestinal secretory and motor responses in rats are mediated by endogenous corticotropin-releasing factor. 1988. Gastroenterology 95:1510-1517.
  pubmed

• 45) Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD and Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. 2005. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11070-11075.
  pubmed

• 46) Ley RE, Hamady M, Lozupone C, Turnbaugh PJ, Ramey RR, Bircher JS, Schlegel ML, Tucker TA, Schrenzel MD, Knight Rand Gordon JI. Evolution of mammals and their gut microbes. 2008. Science 320:1647-1651.

• 47) Lizko NN. Stress and intestinal microflora. 1987. Nahrung 31:443-447.
  pubmed

• 48) Lyte M. Microbial endocrinology and infectious disease in the 21st century. 2004. Trends Microbiol 12:14-20.
  pubmed

• 49) Lyte M. Arulanandam BP and Frank CD. Production of Shiga-like toxins by Escherichia coli O157:H7 can be influenced by the neuroendocrine hormone norepinephrine. 1996. J Lab Clin Med 128:392-398.

• 50) Lyte M and Bailey MT. Neuroendocrine-bacterial interactions in a neurotoxin-induced model of trauma. 1997. J Surg Res 70:195-201.

• 51) Lyte M, Erickson AK, Arulanandam BP, Frank CD, Crawford MA and Francis DH. Norepinephrine-induced expression of the K99 pilus adhesin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. 1997. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 232:682-686.
  pubmed

• 52) Metchnikoff E. The prolongation of life. New York:GP Putnamy's Sons, 1908.

• 53) Murakami M, Lam SK, Inada M and Miyake T. Pathophysiology and pathogenesis of acute gastric mucosal lesions after hypothermic restraint stress in rats. 1985. Gastroenterology 88:660-665.
  pubmed

• 54) O'Hara AM and Shanahan F. The gut flora as a forgotten organ. 2006. EMBO. Rep 7:688-693.
  pubmed

• 55) Packey CD and Sartor RB. Interplay of commensal and pathogenic bacteria, genetic mutations, and immunoregulatory defects in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. 2008, Intern Med 263:597-606.
  pubmed

• 56) Padgett DA and Glaser R. How stress influences the immune response. 2003. Trends Immunol 24:444-448.
  pubmed

• 57) Padgett DA, Sheridan JF, Dorne J, Berntson GG, Candelora J and Glaser R. Social stress and the reactivation of latent her-pes simplex virus type 1. 1998, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7231. 7235.

• 58) Parkes GC, Brostoff J, Whelan K and Sanderson JD. Gastrointestinal microbiota in irritable bowel syndrome:their role in its pathogenesis and treatment. 2008. Am J Gastroenterol 103:1557-1567.
  pubmed

• 59) Phillips AC, Carroll D, Evans P, Bosch JA, Clow A, Hucklebridge F and Der G. Stressful life events are associated with low secretion rates of immunoglobulin A in saliva in the middle aged and elderly. 2006. Brain Behav lmmun 20:191-197.

• 60) Porlier GA, Nadeau RA, De CJ and Bichet DG. lncreased circulating plasma catecholamines and plasma renin activity in dogs after chemical sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine. 1977. Can Physiol pharmacol 55:724-733.

• 61) Salzman NH, Underwood MA and Bevins CL Paneth cells, defensins, and the commensal microbiota:ahypothesis on intimate interplay at the intestinal mucosa. 2007. Semin immunol 19:70-83.

• 62) Schaedler RW, Dubos RJ. The fecal flora of various strains of mice. Its bearing on their susceptibility to endotoxin. 1962. JEXp Med 115:1149-1160.

• 63) Schneider ML, Clarke AS, Kraemer GW, Roughton EC, Lubach GR, Rimm-Kaufman S, Schmidt D and Ebert M. Prenatal stress alters brain biogenic amine levels in primates. 1998. Dev Psychopathol 10:427-440.
  pubmed

• 64) Schneider ML and Coe CL. Repeated social stress during pregnancy impairs neuromotor development of the primate infant. 1993. J Dev Behav Pediatr 14:81-87.
  pubmed

• 65) Shanahan F. The host-microbe interface within the gut. 2002. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 16:915-93. 1.

• 66) Steffen EK and Berg RD. Relationship between cecal population levels of indigenous bacteria and translocation to the mesenteric lymph nodes. 1983. infect Immun 39:1252-1259.

• 67) Stepankova R, Sinkora J, Hudcovic T, Kozakova H and Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Differences in development of lympho-cyte subpopulations from gut-associated lymphatic tissue(GALT) of germfree and conventional rats:effect of aging. 1998. Folia Microbiol(Praha) 43:531-534.

• 68) Sternberg EM. Neural regulation of innate immunity:acoordinated nonspecific host response to pathogens. 2006. Nat Rev Immunol 6:318-328.

• 69) Tache Y, Martinez V, Million M and Wang L. Stress and the gastrointestinal tract III. Stress-related alterations of gut motor function:role of brain corticotropin-releasing factor receptors. 2001. Am J Physiol Gastrointest, Liver Physiol 280: G173-G177.

• 70) Tache Y and Perdue MH. Role of peripheral CRF signalling pathways in stress-related alterations of gut motility and mucosal function. 2004. Neurogastroenterol Motil 16 Suppl 1:137-142

• 71) Truckenmiller ME, Bonneau RH and Norbury CC. Stress presents a problem for dendritic cells:corticosterone and the fate of MHC class I antigen processing and presentation. 2006. Brain Behav Immun 20:210-218.
  pubmed

• 72) Truckenmiller ME, Princiotta MF, Norbury CC and Bonneau RH. Corticosterone impairs MHC class I antigen presenta-tion by dendritic cells via reduction of peptide generation. 2005. J Neuroimmunol 160:48-60.

• 73) Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, Magrini V, Mardis ER and Gordon JI An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. 2006. Nature 444:1027-1031.
  pubmed

• 74) Umesaki Y, Okada Y, Matsumoto S, Imaoka A and Setoyama H. Segmented filamentous bacteria are indigenous intestinal bacteria that activate intraepithelial lymphocytes and induce MHC class II molecules and fucosyl asialo GM1 glycolipids on the small intestinal epithelial cells in the ex-germ-free mouse. 1995. Microbiol Immunol 39:555. 562.

• 75) Umesaki Y, Setoyama H, Matsumoto S and Okada Y. Expansion of alpha beta T-cell receptor-bearing intestinal intraep-ithelial lymphocytes after microbial colonization in germ-free mice and its independence from thymus. 1993. immunology 79:32-37.

• 76) Wen L, Ley RE, Volchkov PY, Stranges PB, Avanesyan L, Stonebraker AC, Hu C, Wong FS, Szot GL, Bluestone JA, Gordon JI and Chervonsky AV. Innate immunity and intestinal microbiota in the development of Type l diabetes. 2008. Nature 455:1109-1113.

• 77) Whitehead WE, Palsson O and Jones KR. Systematic review of the comorbidity of irritable bowel syndrome with other disorders:what are the causes and implications? 2002. Gastroenterology 122:1140-1156.

• 78) Wood JD. Effects of bacteria on the enteric nervous systenl:implications for the irritable bowel syndrome. 2007. J Clin Gastroenterol 41 Suppl 1:S7-19.

• 79) Yang H, Yuan PQ, Wang L and Tache Y. Activation of the parapyramidal region in the ventral medulla stimulates gastric acid secretion through vagal pathways in rats. 2000. Neuroscience 95:773-779.

7. IBS : 薬剤とプロバイオティクス

P.70 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Agreus L, Svardsudd K, Nyren O, Tibblin G.:Irritable bowel syndrome and dyspepsia in the general population:Overlap and lack of stability over time. Gastroenterology;109:671-680, 1995.
  pubmed

• 2) Ait-Belgnaoui A, Han W, Lamine F, Eutamene H, Fioramonti J, Bueno L, Theodorou V.:Lactobacillus farciminis treatment suppresses stress induced visceral hypersensitivity:a possible action through interaction with epithelial cell cytoskeleton contraction. Gut;55 (8) :1090-1094, 2006.
  pubmed

• 3) Akbar A, Yiangou Y, Facer P, Walters JR, Anand P, Ghosh S.:Increased capsaicin receptor TRPV1-expressing sensory fibres in irritable bowel syndrome and their correlation with abdominal pain. Gut;57(7) :923-929, 2008.
  pubmed

• 4) Barbara G, Stanghellini V, De Giorgio R, Cremon C, Cottrell GS, Santini D, Pasquinelli G, Morselli-Labate AM, Grady, EF, Bunnett NW, Collins SM, Corinaldesi R.:Activated mast cells in proximity to colonic nerves correlate with abdominal pain in initable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology;126(3) :693-702, 2004.
  pubmed

• 5) Barbara G, Wang B, Stanghellini V, de Giorgio R, Cremon C, Di Nardo G, Trevisani M, Campi B, Geppetti P, Tonini M, Bunnett NW, Grundy D, Corinaldesi R.:Mast cell-dependent excitation of visceral-nociceptive sensory neurons in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterolog. v;132(1) :26-37, 2007.

• 6) Bisogno T, Maurelli S, Melck D, De Petrocellig. L, Di Marzo V.:Biosynthesis, uptake, and degradation of anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide in leukocytes. J Biol Chem;272:3315-3323, 1997.

• 7) Bouin M, Meunier P, Riberdy Poitras M, Poitras P.:Pain hypersensitivity in patients with functional gastrointestinal disor-ders:agastrointestinal-specific defect or a general systemic condition?Dig Dis Sci;(11) 46:2542-2548, 2001.
  pubmed

• 8) Delafoy L, Raymond F, Doherty AM, Eschalier A, Diop L:Role of nerve growth factor in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colonic hypersensitivity. Pain;105 (3) :489-497, 2003.
  pubmed

• 9) Diop L, Raymond F, Fargeau H, Petoux F, Chovet M, Doherty AM.:Pregabalin (CI-1008) Inhibits the Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-lnduced Chronic Colonic Allodynia in the Rat. J Pharmacol Exp Ther;302(3) :1013-1022, 2002.

• 10) Drossman DA.:The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroeiiterology;130:1377-1390, 2006.
  pubmed

• 11) Drossman DA, Brandt LJ, Sears C, Li Z, Nat J, Bozymski EM.:A preliminary study of patients' concerns related to GI endoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol;91:277-283, 1996.

• 12) Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, Temple RD, Talley NJ, Thompson WG, Whitehead WE, Janssens J, Funch-Jensen P, Corazziari E.:US householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders-prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig Dis Sci;38:1569-1580, 1993.

• 13) Facci L, Dal Toso R , Romanello S, Buriani A, Skaper SD, Leon A.:Mast cells express a peripheral cannabinoid receptor with differential sensitivity to anandamide and palmitoylethanolamide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA;92:3376-3380, 1995.
  pubmed

• 14) Fan YJ, Chen SJ, Yu YC, Si JM, Liu B.:A probiotic treatment containing Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium and Enterococcus improves IBS symptoms in an open label trial. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B;7(12) :987-991, 2006.

• 15) Granberg M, Fowler C J, Jacobsson SO.:Effects of the cannabimimetic fatty acid derivatives 2-arachidonoylglycerol, anandamide, palmitoylethanolamide and methanandamide upon IgE-dependent antigen-induced-hexosaminidase, serotonin and TNF release from rat RBL-2H3 basophilic leukaemic cells. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol, 364: 66-73, 2004.

• 16) Heaton KW, O'Donnell LJ, Braddon FE, Mountford RA, Hughes AO, Cripps PJ.:Symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a British urban community:cong. ulters and nonconsulterg. Gastroenterology;102(6) :1962-1967, 1992.

• 17) Kajander K, Hatakka K, Poussa T, Farkkila M, Korpela R.:Aprobiotic mixture alleviates symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients:acontroUed 6-month intervention. Aliment Pharmacol Ther;22(5) :387-394, 2005.

• 18) Kamiya T, Wang L, Forsythe P, Goettsche G, Mao Y, Wang Y, Tougas G, Bienenstock J.:Inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on visceral pain induced by colorectal distension in Sprague-Dawley rats. Gut;55:191-196, 2006.
  pubmed

• 19) Kikuchi A, Ohashi K, Sugie Y, Sugimoto H, Omura H.:Pharmacological evaluation of a novel cannabinoid 2(CB2) lig-and, PF-03550096, in vitro and in vivo by using a rat model of visceral hypersensitivity. J Pharmacol Sci;106:219-224, 2008.

• 20) Kim HJ, Vazquez Roque MI, Camilleri M, Stephens D, Burton DD, Baxter K, Thomforde G, Zinsmeister AR:A random-ized controlled trial of a probiotic combination VSL#3 and placebo in irritable bowel syndrome with bloating. Neurogastroenterol Motil; 17(5) :687-696, 2005.

• 21) Langlois A, Diop L, Riviere PJ, Pascaud X, Junien JL.:Effect of fedotozine on the cardiovascular pain reflex induced by distension of the irritated colon in the anesthetized rat. Eur J Pharmacol;271:245-251, 1994.

• 22) Lazovic J, wrzos HF, Yang Qx, Collins CM, Smith MB, Norgren R, Matyas K, Ouyang A.:Regional activation in the rat brain during visceral stimulation detected by c-fos expression and fMRI. Neurogastroentero1 Motil;17(4) :548-556, 2005.

• 23) Ness TJ, Gebhart GF.:Characterization of neurons responsive to noxious colorectal distension in the T13-L2 spinal cord of the rat. J Neurophysiol;60 (4) :1419-1438, 1988.

• 24) Nobaek S, Johansson M-L, Molin G , Ahme'S, Jeppsson B.:Alteration of intestinal microflora is associated with reduction in abdominal bloating and pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol;95:1231-1238, 2000.

• 25) Ohashi K, Ichikawa K, Chen L, CallaHan M, Zasadny K, Kurebayashi Y.:MicroPET Detection of Regional Brain Activation Induced by Colonic Distention in a Rat Model of Visceral Hypersensitivity. J Ve Med Sci;70(1) :43-49, 2008.

• 26) Ohashi K, Sato Y, Iwata H, Kawai M, Kurebayashi Y.:Colonic Mast Cell Infiltration in Rats with TNBS-Induced Visceral Hypersensitivity. J Vet Med Sci;69(12) :1223-1228, 2007.
  pubmed

• 27) Ohashi K, Sato Y, Kawai M, Kurebayashi Y.:Abolishment of TNB S-induced visceral hypersensitivity in mast cell deficient rats. Life Sci 13;82 (7-8) :419-423, 2008.

• 28) O'Sullivan M, Clayton N, Breslin NP, Hamlan I, Bountra C, McLaren A, O'Morain CA.:Increased mast cells in the irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil;12(5) :449-457, 2000.

• 29) O'Sullivan MA, O'Morain CA.:Bacterial supplementation in the irritable bowel syndrome. A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. Dig Liver Dis;32:294-301, 2000.
  pubmed

• 30) O'Mahony L, McCarthy J, Kelly P, Hurley G, Luo F, Chen K, O'Sullivan. GC, Kiely B, Collins JK, Shanahan F, Quigley EM.:Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in initable bowel syndrome:symptom responses and relationship to cytokine profiles. Gastroenterology;128:541-551, 2005.

• 31) Ritchie J.:Pain from distension of the pelvic colon by inflating a balloon in the irritable colon syndrome. Gut;14(2) : 125-132, 1973.
  pubmed

• 32) Sen S, Mullan MM, Parker TJ, Woolner JT, Tarry SA, Hunter JO.:Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum 299v on colonic fer-mentation and symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci;47:2615-2620, 2002

• 33) Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Schleck CD.:Dyspepsia and dyspepsia subgroups:a population based study. Gastroenterology; 102:1259-1268, 1992.
  pubmed

• 34) Talley NJ, Zinsmeister AR, Van Dyke C, Melton LJ.:3rd Epidemiology of colonic symptoms and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology;101(4) :927-934, 1991.
  pubmed

• 35) Wesselmann U, Czakanski PP, Affaitati G, Giamberardino MA.:Uterine inflammation as a noxious visceral stimulus: behavioral characterization in the rat Neurosci Lett;246:73-76, 1998.
  pubmed

• 36) Whorwell PJ, Altinger L, Morel J.:Efficacy of an encapsulated probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol;101:326-333, 2006.