書籍詳細

1. Bifidobacterium breveと積極的栄養投与が未熟児の栄養管理の両輪である

P.13 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Adlerbeth I. Establishment of a normal intestinal microflora in the newborn infant. In:Probiotics, other Nutritional Factors, and Intestinal Micriflora, edited by Lars A Hanson and Robert H Yolken. Nestle Nutrition Workshop Series, Vol.42, Nestle Ltd., Verey/Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Phiadelphia. 1999. PP63-94

• 2) Tsuji H, Oozeer R, Matsuda K, Matsuki T, Ohta T, Nomoto K, Tanaka R, Kawashima M, Kawashima K, Nagata S,Yamashiro Y. Molecular Monitoring of the Development of Intestinal Microbiota in Early Infancy.(投稿中)

• 3) Walker WA. Role of nutrients and bacterial colonization in the development of intestinal host defense. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:S2-7

• 4) Yuan Q, walker WA. Innate immunity of the gut:mucosal defense in health and disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:463-473

• 5) Fusunyan RD. Nanthakumar NN, Baldeon ME, Walker WA. Evidence for an innate immune response in the immature human intestine:toll-like receptors on fetal enterocytes. Pediatr Res. 2001;49:589-593

• 6) Nanthakumar NN, Fusunyan RD, Sanderson I, Walker WA. Inflammation in the developing human intestine:apossible pathophysiologic contribution to necrotizing enterocolitis. Proc Natl, 4cad Sci USA. 2000;97:6043-6048

• 7) 山城雄一郎. 母乳は免疫機能面でどのように有用か. 栄養評価と治療. 2008;25:32-37

• 8) Nanthakumar NN, Meng D. Development of intestinal glycosylation and bacterial-epithelial crosstalk. FIMF合同フォーラム2008「腸内共生菌と食の機能」. 2008 東京

• 9) Newburg DS. Oligosaccharides in human milk and bacterial colonization.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:S8-17

• 10) Lin WP, Stoll JB.Necrotizing enterocolitis. Lancet.2006;368:1271-1283

• 11) Li Y, Shimizu T, Hosaka A, Kaneko N, Ohtsuka Y, Yamashiro Y. Effect of Bifidobacterium breve supplementation on intestinal flora of low birth weight infants. Pediatr Inter. 2004;46:509-515

• 12) Satoh Y, Shinohara K, Umezaki H, Shoji H, Satoh H, Ohtsuka Y, Shiga S, Nagata S, Shimizu T, Yamashiro S. Bifidobacteria orevents necrotizing enterocolitis and infection in preterm infants. Int J Probiotics and Prebiotics. 2007;2:149-154

• 13) Sato H, Daigo M, Ohzeki K, Umezaki H, Kudo A, RN, Yamashiro Y. Probiotic Supplementation Dramatically Decreases Infection Deaths in Extremely and Very Low Birth Weight Infants. Juntendo Igaku. 2009;55(2), 136-141

• 14) Wang CX, Shoji H, Sato H, Nagata S, Ohtsuka Y, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y. Effects of oral administration of bifidobacterium breve on fecal lactic acid and short-chain fatty acids in low birth weight infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007;44 (2):252-257

• 15) Lkhagvadorj E, Wada M, Bian L, Wang C, Chiba Y, Nagata S, Shimizu T, Yamashiro Y, Takahashi A, Asahara T, Nomoto K. Anti-infectious activity of synbiotics in a novel mouse model of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Microbiology and Immunology. 2010;54:265-275

2. 幼児期の腸内菌叢と健康

P.22 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Bartick M, Reinhold A. The burden of suboptimal breastfeeding in the United States:apediatric cost analysis. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e1048-1056

• 2) Vandenplas Y. Oligosaccharides in infant formula. Br J Nutr. 2002;87 (Suppl 2):S293-296

• 3) Zoetendal EG, Vaughan EE, de Vos WM. A microbial world within us. Mol Microbiol. 2006;59:1639-1650

• 4) Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:313-323

• 5) Harmsen HJ, Wildeboer-Veloo AC, Raangs GC, Wagendorp AA, Klijn N, Bindels JG, Welling GW. Analysis of intestinal flora development in breast-fed and formula-fed infants by using molecular identification and detection methods. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2000;30:61-67

• 6) Rautava S, Ruuskanen O, Ouwehand A, Salminen S, Isolauri E. The hygiene hypothesis of atopic disease-an extended version. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004;38:378-388

• 7) Moro G, Minoli I, Mosca M, Fanaro S, Jelinek J, Stahl B, Boehm G. Dosage-related bifidogenic effects of galacto-and fructooligosaccharides in formula-fed term infants. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2002;34:291-295

• 8) Haarman M, Knol J. Quantitative real-time PCR assays to identify and quantify fecal Bifidobacterium species in infants receiving a prebiotic infant formula. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71:2318-2324

• 9) Scholtens PAMJ, Alliet P, Raes M, Alles MS, Kroes H, Boehm G, Knippels LM, Knol J, VandenplasY. Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A is increased in healthy infants who receive a formula with short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides.J Nutr. 2008;138:1141-7

• 10) Saran S, Gopalan S, Krishna TP. Use of fermented foods to combat stunting and failure to thrive. Nutrition. 2002;18:393-396

• 11) Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Sarkar A, Dhingra P, Deb S, Marwah D, Menon VP, Kumar J, Black RE. Efficacy of milk fortified with a probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis (DR-10TM) and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides in prevention of morbidity and on nutritional status. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2004;13(Suppl):S28

• 12) Sur D, Manna B, Niyogi SK, Ramamurthy T, Palit A, Nomoto K, Takahashi T, Shima T, Tsuji H, Kurakawa T, Takeda Y, Nair GB, Bhattacharya SK. Role of probiotic in preventing acute diarrhoea in children:acommunity-based, randomized,double-blind placebo-controlled field trial in an urban slum. Epidemiol lnfect. 2010;30:1-8

• 13) Weizman Z, Asli G, Alsheikh A. Effect of a probiotic infant formula on infections in child care centers:comparison of two probiotic agents. Pediatrics. 2005;115:5-9

• 14) Szajewska H, Mrukowicz JZ. Use of probiotics in children with acute diarrhea. Paediatr Drugs 2005;7:111-122

• 15) Szajewska H, Setty M, Mrukowicz J, Guandalini S. Probiotics in gastrointestinal disease in children:hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol/Nutr 2006;42:454-475
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• 16) Hojsak I, Abdovic S, Szajewska H, Milosevic M, Krznaric Z, Kolacek S. Lactobacillus GG in the prevention of nosocomial gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e1171-1177

• 17) Szajewska H, Ruszczynski M, Radzikowski A. Probiotics in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children:a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Pediatr 2006;149:367-372

• 18) Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Isolauri E Probiotics during the first 7 years of life:a cumulative risk reduction of eczema in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin immunol. 2007;119:1019-1021

• 19) Kalliomaki.M, Antoine JM, Herz U, Rijkers GT, Wells JM, Mercenier A. Guidance for substantiating the evidence for beneficial effects of probiotics:prevention and management of allergic diseases by probiotics. J Nutr. 2010;140:713S-721S

• 20) Lee J Seto D, Bielory L. Meta-analysis of clinical trials of probiotics for prevention and treatment of pediatric atopic dermatitis. J AIIergy Clin Immunol, 2008;121:116-121
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• 21) Alfaleh K, Anabrees J, Bassler D. Probiotics reduce the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants:a meta-analysis. Neonatology. 2010;97:93-99

• 22) Miele E, Pascarella F, Giannetti E, Quaglietta L, Baldassano RN, Staiano A. Effect of a probiotic preparation(VSL#3)on induction and maintenance of remission in children with ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:437-443

• 23) Westerbeek EA, van den Berg JP, Lafeber HN, Fetter WP, Boehm G, Twisk JW, van Elburg RM. Neutral and acidic oligosaccharides in preterm infants:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;91:679-686

• 24) Moro G, Arslanoglu S, Stahl B, Jelinek J, Wahn U, Boehm G. A mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis during the first six months of age. Arch Dis Child. 2006;91:814-819

• 25) Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Boehm G. Early supplementation of prebiotic oligosaccharides protects formula-fed infants against infections during the first 6 months of life. J Nutr. 2007;137:2420-2424

• 26) Arslanoglu S, Moro GE, Schmitt J, Tandoi L, Rizzardi S, Boehm G. Early dietary intervention with a mixture of prebiotic oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of allergic manifestations and infections during the first two years of life. J Nutr. 2008;138:1091-1095

• 27) Bruzzese E, Volpicelli M, Squeglia V, Bruzzese D, Salvini F, Bisceglia M, Lionetti P, Cinquetti M, Iacono G, Amarri S,Guarino A. A formula containing galacto-and fructo-oligosaccharides prevents intestinal and extra-intestinal infections:an observational study. Clin/Nutr. 2009 ;28:156-161

• 28) Scholtens PA, Alliet P, Raes M, Alles MS, Kroes H, Boehm G, Knippels LM, Knol J, Vandenplas Y. Fecal secretory immunoglobulin A is increased in healthy infants who receive a formula with short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides and long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides. J Nutr. 2008;138:1141-1147

• 29) Raes M, Scholtens PA, Alliet P, Hensen K, Jongen H, Boehm G, Vandenplas Y, Rummens JL. Exploration of basal immune parameters in healthy infants receiving an infant milk formula supplemented with prebiotics. Pediatr Allergy lmmunol. 2010;21:e377-385

• 30) Sazawal S, Dhingra U, Hiremath G, Sarkar A, Dhingra P, Dutta A, Verma P, Menon VP, Black RE Prebiotic and probiotic fortified milk in prevention of morbidities among children:community-based,randomized, double-blind,controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010;5:e12164
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• 31) Kurugol Z, Koturoglu G. Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii in children with acute diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr. 2005;94:44-47
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• 32) Eren M, Dinleyici EC, Vandenplas Y. Clinical efficacy comparison of Saccharomyces boulardii and yogurt fluid in acute non-bloody diarrhea in children:a randomized, controlled, open label study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010;82:488-91

• 33) Guarino A, Albano F, Ashkenazi S, Gendrel D, Hoekstra JH, Shamir R, Szaj ewska H;ESPGHAN/ESPID Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Management of Acute Gastroenteritis in Children in Europe Expert Working Group. European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Paediatric lnfectious Diseases evidencebased guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe:executive summary. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2008 ;46:619-621

• 34) Szajewska H, Setty M, Mrukowicz J, Guandalini S. Probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children:hard and not-sohard evidence of efficacy. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2006;42:454-475
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• 35) Szajewska H, Skorka A. Saccharomyces boulardii for treating acute gastroenteritis in children:updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:960-961

• 36) Dinleyici EC, Eren M, Yargic ZA, Dogan N, Vandenplas Y. Clinical efficacy of Saccharomyces boulardii and metronidazole compared to metronidazole alone in children with acute bloody diarrhea caused by amebiasis:aprospective, randomized, open label study. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2009;80:953-955

• 37) Besirbellioglu BA, Ulcay A, Can M, Erdem H, Tanyuksel M, Avci IY, Araz E, Pahsa A. Saccharomyces boulardii and infection due to Giardia lamblia. Scand J Infect Dis. 2006;38:479-481

• 38) Rohde CL, Bartolini V, Jones N. The use of probiotics in the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea with special interest in Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. Nutr Clin Pract. 2009;24:33-40

• 39) Sachdeva A, Nagpal J. Effect of fermented milk-based probiotic preparations on Helicobacter pylori eradication:a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;21:45-53

• 40) Sykora J, Valeckova K, Amlerova J, Siala K, Dedek P, Watkins S, Varvarovska J, Stozicky F, Pazdiora P, Schwarz J. Effects of a specially designed fermented milk product containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001 and the eradication of H. pylori in children:aprospective randomized double-blind study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39:692-698

• 41) Savino F, Pelle E, Palumeri E, Oggero R, Miniero R. Lactobacillus reuteri(American Type Culture Collection Strain 55730)versus simethicone in the treatment of infantile colic:a prospective randomized study. Pediatrics. 2007;119:e124-130

• 42) Savino F, Cordisco L, Tarasco V, Palumeri E, Calabrese R, Oggero R, Roos S, Matteuzzi D. Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17938in infantile colic:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e526-533

• 43) Fedorak RN, Madsen KI. Probiotics and prebiotics in gastrointestinal disorders. Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2004;20:146-155

• 44) Moran JP, Walter J, Tannock GW, Tonkonogy SL, Sartor RB. Bifidobacterium animalis causes extensive duodenitis and mild colonic inflammation in monoassociated interleukin-10-deficient mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:1022-1031

• 45) Taylor AL, Dunstan JA, Prescott SL. Probiotic supplementation for the first 6 months of life fail to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children:a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:184-191

• 46) Kirjavainen PV Salminen SJ, Isolauri E Probiotic bacteria in the management of atopic disease:underscoring the importance of viability.J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;36:223-227

• 47) Borchers AT, Selmi C, Meyers FJ, Keen CL, Gershwin ME. Probiotics and immunity. J Gastroenterol. 2009;44:26-46

• 48) Smits HH, Engering A, van der Kleij D, de Jong EC, Schipper K, van Capel TM, Zaat BA, Yazdanbakhsh M, Wierenga EA, van Kooyk Y, Kapsenberg ML. Selective probiotic bacteria induce IL-10-producing regulatory T cells in vitro by modulating dendritic cell function through dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule 3-grabbing nonintegrin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;115:1260-1267

• 49) Zhang L, Li N, Caicedo R, Neu J. Alive and dead Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG decrease tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced interleukin-8 production in Caco-2 cells. J Nutr. 2005 ;135:1752-1756

• 50) Gill HS, Rutherfurd KJ, Cross ML, Gopal PK. Enhancement of immunity in the elderly by dietary supplementation with the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis HNO19. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;74:833-839

3. 新生児のアトピー予防におけるプロバイオティクスの早期投与-プロバイオティクスと衛生仮説-

P.30 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Alm JS, Swartz J, Bjorksten B, Engstrand L, Engstrom J, Kuhn I, et al. An anthroposophic lifestyle and intestinal microflora in infancy. Ped All Immun. 2002;13:402-411

• 2) Alfven T, Braun-Fahrlander C, Brunekreef B, et al. Allergic diseases and atopic sensitization in children related to farming and anthroposophic lifestyle-the PARSIFAL study. Allergy. 2006;61:414-420
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• 3) Arbes SJ, Sever ML, Vaughn B, Cohen EA, Zeldin DC. Oral pathogens and allergic disease. J Allery Clin Imunol. 2006;118:1169-1175

• 4) Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:911-920

• 5) Bjorksten B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:516-520

• 6) Bjorksten B, Naaber P, Sepp E, Mikelsaar M. The intestinal microflora in allergic Estonian and Swedish 2-year-old children. Clin Exp Allergy. 1999;29:342-346

• 7) Boyle RJ, Robins-Brown RM, Tang ML. Probiotic use in clinical practice:what are the risks? Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;83:1256-1264

• 8) Braun-Fahrlander C, Riedler J, Herz et al. Environmental exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children. N Engl J. Med. 2002;347:869-877

• 9) Cabana MD, Shane AL, Chao C,0liva-Hemker M. Probiotics in primary care pediatrics. Clin Peds. 2006;45:405-410

• 10) Chai SK, Nga NN, Checkoway H, Takaro TK, Redding GJ, Keifer MC, Trung LV, Barhart S. Comparison of local risk factors for children's atopic symptoms in Hanoi, Vietnam. Allergy. 2004;59:637.644

• 11) Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, Magris M, Hidalgo G, Fierer N, Knight R Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. PNAS. 2010;107;11971-11975

• 12) Ege MJ, Frei R, Bieli C, Schram-Bijkerk D, Waser M, Benz MR, Weiss G, et al. Not all farming environments protect against the development of asthma and wheeze in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1140-1147

• 13) EggesbφM, Moen B, Peddada S, Baird D, Rugtveit J, Midtvedt T, Bushel PR, Sekelja M, Rudi K. Development of gut microbiota in infants not exposre to medical interventions., APMIS. 2010;119;17-35

• 14) Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Kosldnen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease:a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1076

• 15) Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease:4-year follow-up of a randomized placebo-controlled trial Lancet. 2003;361:1869-1871

• 16) Kitagald K, Businga TR, Racila D, Elliott DE, Weinstock JV, Kline JN. Intestinal helminths protect in a murine model of asthma. J Immunol. 2006;177:1628-1635

• 17) Kopp, M.V., Hennemuth,I., Heinzmann, A.,& Urbanek, R. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of probiotics for primary prevention:No clinical effects of Lactobacillus GG supplementation. Pediatrics. 2008;121:e850-e856

• 18) Kukkonen K, Savilahti E, Haahtela T, Juntunen-Backman K, Korpela R, Poussa T., et al. Probiotics and prebiotic galactooligosaccharieds in the prevention of allergic diseases:arandomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. J Allrgy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:192-198

• 19) Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L, Nisini R, Rapicetta M, Chionne P, et al Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus. BMJ. 1997;314:999-1003

• 20) Merchant JA, Naleway AL, Svendsen ER, Kelly KM, Burmeister LF, Stromquist AM, Taylor CD,Thorne PS,Reynolds SJ,Sanderson WT, Chischilles EA. Asthma and farm exposures in a cohort of rural Iowa children. Environ Health PerSpect. 2005;113:350-356

• 21) Pasquini et al. Prevalence of hepatitis A antibodies in Italy.,Int J Epidemiol. 1984;13:83-86

• 22) Penders J, Kummeling I, Thijs C. Infant antibiotic use and wheeze and asthma risk-asystematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J. 2011 ;

• 23) Pfefferle PI, Kramer A. Helicobacter pylori-infection status and childhood living conditions are associated with signs of allergic diseases in an occupational population. Eur J, Epidemiol. 2008;23:635-640

• 24) Platts-Mills TA, Woodfolk JA, Sporik RB.The increase in asthma cannot be ascribed to cleanliness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;164:1106

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• 26) Reidler J, Braun-Fharlander C, Eder W, Schreuer M, Waser M, Maisch S, Carr D, Schiel R, Nowak D, von Mutius E. Exposure to farming in early life and development of asthma and allergy:across-sectional survey. Lancet. 2001;358:1129-1133

• 27) Reidler J, Eder W, Oberfeld G, Schreuer M. Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allerg.y. 2000;30:194-200

• 28) Rodrigues LC, Newcombe PJ, Cunha SS< Alcantara-Neves NM, Genser B, Cruz AA, Simoes SM, Fiaccone R, Amorim L,Cooper PJ, B arreto ML Early infection with Tricuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38:1769-1777

• 29) Savino F, Roana J, Mandra N, Tarasco V, Locatelli E, Tullio V. Faecal microbiota in breast-fed infants after antibiotic therapy. Acta Pediatrica. 2011 ;100 ;75-78

• 30) Strachan DP, Taylor EM, Carptenter RG. Family structure, neonatal infection and hay fever in adolescence. Arch Dis Child. 1996;74:422-426

• 31) Taylor AL, Dunstan JA, Prescott SL. Probiotic supplemntation for the first 6 months of life fails to reduce the risk of atopic dermatitis and increases the risk of allergen sensitization in high-risk children:a randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:184-191

• 32) VonMutius E. Allergies, infections and the hygiene hypothesis:the epidemiological evidence. Immunohiology. 2007; 212:433-439

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• 34) World Health Organization. FAO and WHO Joint and Expert Committee. Report of a joint expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powdered milk with live lactic acid bacteria. 2001. http://www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/fs_management/en/probiotics.pdf

4. こどものアレルギーとプロバイオティクス

P.44 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Abrahamsson TR, Jakobsson T, Bottcher MF, Fredrikson M, Jenmalm MC, Bjorksten B, Oldaeus G. Probiotics in prevention of IgE-associated eczema:adouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J AIIergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1174-1180

• 2) Adlerberth I, Jalil F, Carlsson B, Mellander L, Hanson LA, Larsson P, Khalil K, Wold AE High turnover rate of Escherichia coli strains in the intestinal flora of infants in Pakistan., Epidemiol Infect. 1998;121:587-598

• 3) Adlerberth I, Lindberg E, Aberg N, Hesselmar B, Saalman R, Strannegard IL, Wold AE Reduced enterobacterial and increased staphylococcal colonization of the infantile bowel:an effect of hygienic lifestyle? Pediatr, Res. 2006;59:96-101

• 4) Bach, JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:911-920

• 5) Bashir ME, Louie S, Shi HN, Nagler-Anderson C. Toll-like receptor 4 signaling by intestinal microbes influences susceptibility to food allergy. J Immunol. 2004;172:6978-6987

• 6) Bjorksten B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J AIIergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:516-520

• 7) Brouwer ML, Wolt-Plompen SA, Dubois AE, van der Heide S, Jansen DF, Hoij er MA, Kauffman HF, Duiverman EJ. No effects of probiotics on atopic dermatitis in infancy:arandomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Exp Allergy. 2006;36:899-906

• 8) Brunser O, Figueroa G, Gotteland M, Haschke-Becher E, Magliol C, Rochat F, Cruchet S, Palframan R, Gibson G,Chauffard F, Haschke F. Effects of probiotic or prebiotic supplemented milk formulas on fecal microbiota composition of infants. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2006;15:368-376

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• 10) FAO/WHO. Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food. 2002 Guidelines for the evaluation of probiotics in food:report of a Joint FAO/WHO Working Group on Drafting Guidelines for the Evaluation of Probiotics in Food, London Ontario, Canada. http://www.who.int//foodsafety/publications/fs_management/probiotics2/en/index.html

• 11) Folster-Holst R, Muller F, Schnopp N, Abeck D, Kreiselmaier I, Lenz T, von Ruden U, Schrezenmeir J, Christophers E,Weichenthal M. Prospective, randomized controlled trial on Lactobacillus rhamnosus in infants with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2006;155:1256-1261

• 12) Gerrard JW, Geddes CA, Reggin PL, Gerrard CD, Horne S. Serum IgE levels in white and metis communities in Saskatchewan. Ann Allergy. 1976;37:91-100

• 13) Giovannini M, Agostoni C, Riva E, Salvini F, Ruscitto A, Zuccotti GV, Radaelli G. A randomized prospective double blind controlled trial on effects of long-term consumption of fermented milk containing Lactobacillus casei in pre-school children with allergic asthma and/or rhinitis. Pediatr Res. 2007;62:215-220
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• 14) Gronlund MM, Lehtonen OP, Eerola E, Kero P. Fecal microflora in healthy infants born by different methods of delivery:permanent changes in intestinal flora after cesarean delivery. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1999;28:19-25

• 15) Gruber C, Wendt M, Sulser C, Lau S, Kulig M, Wahn U, Werfel T, Niggemann B. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as treatment of atopic dermatitis in infancy. Allergy. 2007;62:1270-1276

• 16) Isolauri E, Arvola T, Sutas Y, Moilanen E, Salminen S. Probiotics in the management of atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:1604-1610

• 17) Kalliomaki M, Salminen S, Arvilommi H, Kero P, Koskinen P, Isolauri E. Probiotics in primary prevention of atopic disease:a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2001;357:1076-1079

• 18) Kalliomald M, Salminen S, Poussa T, Arvilommi H, Isolauri E. Probiotics and prevention of atopic disease:4-year followup of a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1869-1871

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7. インドの小児急性感染症予防におけるプロバイオティクスの役割

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