書籍詳細

1. 病態と治療の基礎知識

P.15 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Feinberg WM et al:Prevalence, age distribution, and gender of patients with atrial fibrillation. Analysis and implications. Arch Intern Med 155:469-473, 1995
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• 2) Wolf PA et al:Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke:The Framingham Study. Stroke 22:983-988, 1991
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• 3) Inoue H et al:Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the general population of Japan:an analysis based on periodic health examination. Int J Cardiol 137:102-107, 2009
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• 4) Iguchi Y et al:Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in community-dwelling Japanese aged 40 years or older in Japan:analysis of 41, 436 non-employee residents in Kurashiki-city. Circ J 72:909-913, 2008
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• 5) Go AS et al:Prevalence of diagnosed atrial fibrillation in adults:national implications for rhythm management and stroke prevention:the AnTicoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA) Study. JAMA 285:2370-2375, 2001
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• 6) Kubo M et al:Decreasing incidence of lacunar vs other types of cerebral infarction in a Japanese population. Neurology 66:1539-1544, 2006

• 7) Lin HJ et al:Newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation and acute stroke. The Framingham Study. Stroke 26:1527-1530, 1995
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• 8) Atarashi H et al; J-RHYTHM Registry Investigators:Present status of anticoagulation treatment in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation:a report from the J-RHYTHM Registry. Circ J 75:1328-1333, 2011

• 9) Hohnloser SH et al; ACTIVE W Investigators:Incidence of stroke in paroxysmal versus sustained atrial fibrillation in patients taking oral anticoagulation or combined antiplatelet therapy:an ACTIVE W Substudy. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:2156-2161, 2007
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• 10) Rockson SG, Albers GW:Comparing the guidelines:anticoagulation therapy to optimize stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:929-935, 2004
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• 11) Lip GY et al:Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach:the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest 137:263-272, 2010
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• 12) European Heart Rhythm Association; European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Camm AJ et al:Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation:the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369-2429, 2010

• 13) Olesen JB et al:The value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0-1:A nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost 107:1172-1179, 2012

P.24 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 矢坂正弘:心原性脳塞栓症 up date. Vascular Lab 2:169-178, 2005
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• 2) Adams HP Jr et al:Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment. Stroke 24:35-41, 1993

• 3) Tranel D et al:Global aphasia without hemiparesis. Arch Neurol 44:304-308, 1987
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• 4) Minematsu K et al:`Spectacular shrinking deficit':rapid recovery from a major hemispheric syndrome by migration of an embolus. Neurology 42:157-162, 1992

• 5) 桑城貴弘ほか:脳塞栓急性期の分子病態. 分子脳血管病 5:279-283, 2006

• 6) Okada Y et al:Hemorrhagic transformation in cerebral embolism. Stroke 20:598-603, 1989
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P.30 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Sato Y et al:Proportion of fibrin and platelets differs in thrombi on ruptured and eroded coronary atherosclerotic plaques in humans. Heart 91:526-530, 2005
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• 2) Takahashi M et al:Critical role of von Willebrand factor and platelet interaction in venous thromboembolism. Histol Histopathol 24:1391-1398, 2009
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• 3) Marder VJ et al:Analysis of thrombi retrieved from cerebral arteries of patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 37:2086-2093, 2006
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• 4) Wysokinski WE et al:Atrial fibrillation and thrombosis:immunohistochemical differences between in situ and emboli thrombi. J Thromb Haemost 2:1637-1644, 2004

• 5) Ogata J et al:Heart and vessel pathology underlying brain infarction in 142 stroke patients. Ann Neurol 63:770-781, 2008
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• 6) Tanizaki Y et al:Incidence and risk factors for subtypes of cerebral infarction in a general population:The Hisayama study. Stroke 31:2616-2622, 2000

• 7) Kimura K et al:Hospital-based prospective registration of acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack in Japan. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 13:1-11, 2004
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• 8) Sato Y et al:Thrombus components in cardioembolic and atherothrombotic strokes. Thromb Res 130:278-280, 2012
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P.37 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Varga-Szabo D et al:Cell adhesion mechanisms in platelets. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28(3):403-412, 2008
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• 2) Triplett DA:Coagulation and bleeding disorders:review and update. Clin Chem 46(8 Pt 2):1260-1269, 2000

• 3) Cheng-Ching E et al:Update on pharmacology of antiplatelets, anticoagulants, and thrombolytics. Neurology 79(13 Suppl 1):S68-76, 2012

• 4) Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration:Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 324(7329):71-86, 2002
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• 5) Patrono C et al:Low-dose aspirin for the prevention of atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 353(22):2373-2383, 2005
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• 6) Toyoda K et al:Dual antithrombotic therapy increases severe bleeding events in patients with stroke and cardiovascular disease:a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Stroke 39(6):1740-1745, 2008
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• 7) Hart RG et al:Meta-analysis:antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 146(12):857-867, 2007
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• 8) van Ryn J et al:Dabigatran etexilate-a novel, reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor:interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 103(6):1116-1127, 2010
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• 9) Turpie AG:New oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 29(2):155-165, 2008
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2. 経口抗凝固薬の特徴と臨床試験成績

P.43 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Takahashi H et al:Metabolism of warfarin enantiomers in Japanese patients with heart disease having different CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 genotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 63:519-528, 1998
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• 2) D'Andrea G et al:A polymorphism in the VKORC1 gene is associated with an interindividual variability in the dose-anticoagulant effect of warfarin. Blood 105:645-649, 2005
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• 3) Kosaki K et al:1173C>T polymorphism in VKORC1 modulates the required warfarin dose. Pediatr Cardiol 27:685-688, 2006
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• 4) Hart RG et al:Meta-analysis:antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 146:857-867, 2007
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• 5) Yamaguchi T:Optimal intensity of warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke 31:817-821, 2000
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• 6) Yasaka M et al:Optimal intensity of international normalized ratio in warfarin therapy for secondary prevention of stroke in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Intern Med 40:1183-1188, 2001
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• 7) 循環器病の診断と治療に関するガイドライン研究班:循環器疾患における抗凝固・抗血小板療法に関するガイドライン2009年改訂版

P.52 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Wienen W et al:In-vitro profile and ex-vivo anticoagulant activity of the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran and its orally active prodrug, dabigatran etexilate. Thromb Haemost 98(1):155-162, 2007
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• 2) Eriksson BI et al:Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor xa inhibitors in development. Clin Pharmacokinet 48(1):1-22, 2009
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• 3) Connolly SJ et al:Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361(12):1139-1151, 2009
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• 4) Ezekowitz MD et al:Rationale and design of RE-LY:randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy, warfarin, compared with dabigatran. Am Heart J 157(5):805-810. e2, 2009

• 5) Diener HC et al:Dabigatran compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous transient ischaemic attack or stroke:a subgroup analysis of the RE-LY trial. Lancet Neurol 9(12):1157-1163, 2010

• 6) Sorbera LA et al:Dabigatran/Dabigatran etexilate. Drugs Future 30(9):877-885, 2005

• 7) Harder S:Renal profiles of anticoagulants. J Clin Pharmacol 52(7):964-975, 2012
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• 8) You JJ et al:Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation:Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed:American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e531S-575S, 2012

P.63 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Patel MR et al:Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:883-891, 2011
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• 2) Hori M et al:Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation-the J-ROCKET AF study-. Circ J 76:2104-2111, 2012

• 3) Kubitza D et al:Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of single doses of BAY 59-7939, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:412-421, 2005
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• 4) Eriksson BI et al:Comparative pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of oral direct thrombin and factor xa inhibitors in development. Clin Pharmacokinet 48:1-22, 2009
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• 5) Hankey GJ et al:Rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack:a subgroup analysis of ROCKET AF. Lancet Neurol 11:315-322, 2012

P.71 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Wong PC et al:Preclinical discovery of apixaban, a direct and orally bioavailable factor Xa inhibitor. J Thromb Thrombolysis 31:478-492, 2011
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• 2) Lassen MR et al:The efficacy and safety of apixaban, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor, as thromboprophylaxis in patients following total knee replacement. J Thromb Haemost 5:2368-2375, 2007
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• 3) Ogawa S et al:Safety and efficacy of the oral direct factor Xa inhibitor apixaban in Japanese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. -The ARISTOTLE-J study-. Circ J 75:1852-1859, 2011
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• 4) Granger CB et al:Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:981-992, 2011
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• 5) Hohnloser SH et al:Efficacy of apixaban when compared with warfarin in relation to renal function in patients with atrial fibrillation:insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Eur Heart J 33:2821-2830, 2012
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• 6) Easton JD et al:Apixaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack:a subgroup analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial. Lancet Neurol 11:503-511, 2012

• 7) Lopes RD et al:Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to patients risk of stroke and of bleeding in atrial fibrillation:a secondary analysis of randomised controlled trial. Lancet 380:1749-1758, 2012
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• 8) Connolly SJ et al:Apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 364:806-817, 2011
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• 9) Diener HC et al:Apixaban versus aspirin in patients with atrial fibrillation and previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack:a predefined subgroup analysis from AVERROES, a randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 11:225-231, 2012
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• 10) Alexander JH et al:Apixaban with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 365:699-708, 2011
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P.80 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Ruff CT et al:Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation:design and rationale for the Effective aNticoaGulation with factor xA next GEneration in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). Am Heart J 160:635-641, 2010
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• 2) Camm AJ, Bounameaux H:Edoxaban:a new oral direct factor xa inhibitor. Drugs 71:1503-1526, 2011
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• 3) Ahrens I, Bode C:Oral anticoagulation with edoxaban. Focus on current phase III clinical development. Hamostaseologie 32:212-215, 2012
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• 4) Ogata K et al:Clinical safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 50:743-753, 2010
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• 5) Fuji T et al:A dose-ranging study evaluating the oral factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. J Thromb Haemost 8:2458-2468, 2010
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• 6) Kawaji H et al:Edoxaban for prevention of venous thromboembolism after major orthopedic surgery. Orthopedic Research and Reviews 4:53-64, 2012

• 7) Weitz JI et al:Randomised, parallel-group, multicenter, multinational phase2 study comparing edoxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation. Thromb Haemost 104:633-641, 2010

• 8) Yamashita T et al:Randomized, multicenter, warfarin-controlled phase II study of edoxaban in Japanese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Circ J 76:1840-1847, 2012
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• 9) Connolly SJ et al, and the RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators:Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361:1139-1151, 2009

• 10) 南口仁, 奥山裕司:ワルファリン・新規抗凝固薬による抗血栓療法. Medical Practice 29:1752-1756, 2012
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3. 新規抗凝固薬の臨床応用

P.87 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Connolly SJ et al:Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361:1139-1151, 2009
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• 2) Patel MR et al; ROCKET AF Investigators:Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:883-891, 2011
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• 3) Hori M et al:Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation-the J-ROCKET AF study-. Circ J 76:2104-2111, 2012

P.98 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 北島勲:新規経口抗凝固薬のチェック検査. 血液フロンティア 22:1069-1076, 2012

• 2) Eisert WG et al:Dabigatran:an oral novel potent reversible nonpeptide inhibitor of thrombin. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30:1885-1889, 2010
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• 3) Stangier J et al:The pharmacokinetics, pharmcodynamics and tolerability of dabigatran etexilate, a new oral direct thrombin inhibitor, in healthy male subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 64(3):292-303, 2007

• 4) van Ryn J et al:Dabigatran etexilate-a novel reversible, oral direct thrombin inhibitor:interpretation of coagulation assays and reversal of anticoagulant activity. Thromb Haemost 103(6):1116-1127, 2010
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• 5) Douxfils J et al:Impact of dabigatran on a large panel of routine or specific coagulation assays. Laboratory recommendations for monitoring of dabigatran etexilate. Thromb Haemost 107:985-997, 2012
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• 6) Gerotziafas GT et al:In vitro inhibition of thrombin generation, after tissure factor pathway activation, by the oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor rivaroxaban. J Thromb Haemost 5:886-888, 2007

• 7) Kubitza D et al:Safety, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of single doses of BAY 59-7939, an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Clin Pharmacol Ther 78:412-421, 2005
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• 8) Samama MM et al:Assessment of laboratory assays to measure rivaroxaban-an oral, direct factor Xa inhibitor. Thromb Haemost 103:815-825, 2010
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• 9) Samama MM et al:In vitro study of the anticoagulant effects of edoxaban and its effect on thrombin generation in comparison to fondaparinux. Thromb Res 129:e77-e82, 2012
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P.104 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Yasaka M:Current strategies of anticoagulation therapy for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. J Arrhythmia 28:324-329, 2012

• 2) Toyoda K et al; Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy (BAT) Study Group:Dual antithrombotic therapy increases severe bleeding events in patients with stroke and cardiovascular disease:a prospective, multicenter, observational study. Stroke 39:1740-1745, 2008

• 3) Connolly SJ et al, and the RE-LY Steering Committee and Investigators:Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361:1139-1151, 2009 and Erratum in:N Engl J Med 363:1877, 2010

• 4) Patel MR et al; the ROCKET AF Investigators:Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:883-891, 2011
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• 5) Granger CB et al; ARISTOTLE Committees and Investigators:Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:981-992, 2011
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• 6) Douketis JD et al:Comparison of bleeding in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with ximelagatran or warfarin:Assessment of incidence, case-fatality rate, time course and sites of bleeding, and risk factors for bleeding. Arch Intern Med 166:853-859, 2006
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• 7) Hart RG et al:Avoiding central nervous system bleeding during antithrombotic therapy:recent data and ideas. Stroke 36:1588-1593, 2005
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• 8) Hart RG et al:Intracranial hemorrhage in atrial fibrillation patients during anticoagulation with warfarin or dabigatran:the RE-LY trial. Stroke 43:1511-1517, 2012

• 9) Eikelboom JW et al:Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation:an analysis of the randomized evaluation of long-term anticoagulant therapy (RE-LY) trial. Circulation 123:2363-2372, 2011
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• 10) Toyoda K et al; Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy (BAT) Study Group:Blood pressure levels and bleeding events during antithrombotic therapy:the Bleeding with Antithrombotic Therapy (BAT) Study. Stroke 41:1440-1444, 2010

• 11) Hori M et al:Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation-the J-ROCKET AF study-. Circ J 76:2104-2111, 2012

• 12) Yasaka M:J-ROCKET AF trial increased expectation of lower-dose rivaroxaban made for Japan. Circ J 76:2086-2087, 2012
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• 13) Kaatz S et al:Guidance on the emergent reversal of oral thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors. Am J Hematol 87 Suppl 1:S141-S145, 2012

P.112 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Connolly SJ et al:Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361:1139-1151, 2009
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• 2) Patel MR et al:Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:883-891, 2011
  pubmed

• 3) Hori M et al:Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation-the J-ROCKET AF study-. Circ J 76:2104-2111, 2012

• 4) Ruff CT et al:Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation:Design and rationale for the Effective aNticoaGulation with factor xA next GEneration in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). Am Heart J 160:635-641, 2010
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• 5) Granger CB et al:Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:981-992, 2011
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• 6) Fox KA et al:Prevention of stroke and systemic embolism with rivaroxaban compared with warfarin in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and moderate renal impairment. Eur Heart J 32:2387-2394, 2011
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• 7) 感染性心内膜炎の予防と治療に関するガイドライン(2008年改訂版)

• 8) Lip GY et al:Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) score. J Am Coll Cardiol 57:173-180, 2011

4. 脳卒中診療現場での新規抗凝固療法

P.118 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Micheli S et al:Clinical benefit of early anticoagulation in cardioembolic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 25(4):289-296, 2008
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• 2) Cervera A, Chamorro A:Antithrombotic therapy in cardiac embolism. Curr Cardiol Rev 6(3):227-237, 2010
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• 3) Sandercock PA et al:Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008(4):CD000024.

• 4) The International Stroke Trial (IST):a randomised trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both, or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group. Lancet 349(9065):1569-1581, 1997

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• 6) 雨宮志門ほか:高齢非弁膜性心房細動合併脳塞栓症急性期における低用量ヘパリン療法. 脳卒中20(6):678-682, 1998

• 7) Hosomi N et al:Efficacy of anti-coagulant treatment with argatroban on cardioembolic stroke. J Neurol 254(5):605-612, 2007
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• 8) Connolly SJ et al:Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361(12):1139-1151, 2009
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• 9) Patel MR et al:Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365(10):883-891, 2011
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• 10) Granger CB et al:Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365(11):981-992, 2011
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• 11) Ruff CT et al:Evaluation of the novel factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation:design and rationale for the Effective aNticoaGulation with factor xA next GEneration in Atrial Fibrillation-Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction study 48 (ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48). Am Heart J 160(4):635-641, 2010
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P.128 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Levine GN et al:2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI Guideline for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions. Circulation 124:e574-651, 2011

• 2) O'Gara PT et al:2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Eelevation Myocardial Infarction:A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 127:e362-425, 2013

• 3) Camm AJ et al:Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation:the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 31:2369-2429, 2010

• 4) Lip GY et al:Antithrombotic management of atrial fibrillation patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome and/or undergoing coronary stenting:executive summary-a Consensus Document of the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis, endorsed by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) and the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI). Eur Heart J 31:1311-1318, 2010

• 5) Camm AJ et al:2012 focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation:an update of the 2010 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Developed with the special contribution of the European Heart Rhythm Association. Eur Heart J 33:2719-2747, 2012
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• 6) Faxon DP et al:Consensus document:antithrombotic therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing coronary stenting. A North-American perspective. Thromb Haemost 106:572-584, 2011
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• 7) You JJ et al:Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation:Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed:American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest 141:e531S-575S, 2012
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• 8) Dewilde WJ et al; for the WOEST study investigators:Use of clopidogrel with or without aspirin in patients taking oral anticoagulant therapy and undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention:an open-label, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet, 2013, Epub ahead of print

• 9) Mehran R et al:Standardized bleeding definitions for cardiovascular clinical trials:a consensus report from the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium. Circulation 123:2736-2747, 2011

• 10) Connolly SJ et al:Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 361:1139-1151, 2009
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• 11) Patel MR et al:Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:883-891, 2011
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• 12) Hori M et al:Rivaroxaban vs. warfarin in Japanese patients with atrial fibrillation-the J-ROCKET AF study-. Circ J 76:2104-2111, 2012

• 13) Granger CB et al:Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 365:981-992, 2011
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• 14) Dans AL et al:Concomitant Use of Antiplatelet Therapy with Dabigatran or Warfarin in the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulation Therapy (RE-LY) Trial. Circulation 127:634-640, 2013
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• 15) Oldgren J et al:Dabigatran vs. placebo in patients with acute coronary syndromes on dual antiplatelet therapy:a randomized, double-blind, phase II trial. Eur Heart J 32:2781-2789, 2011
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• 16) Mega JL et al:Rivaroxaban in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 366:9-19, 2012
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• 17) Alexander JH et al:Apixaban with antiplatelet therapy after acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med 365:699-708, 2011
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• 18) Komocsi A et al:Use of new-generation oral anticoagulant agents in patients receiving antiplatelet therapy after an acute coronary syndrome:Systematic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 172:1-9, 2012
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• 19) Bates ER et al:ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 clinical expert consensus document on carotid stenting:a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Clinical Expert Consensus Documents (ACCF/SCAI/SVMB/ SIR/ASITN Clinical Expert Consensus Document Committee on Carotid Stenting). J Am Coll Cardiol 49:126-170, 2007

• 20) Brott TG et al:2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/ SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease. Stroke 42:e464-540, 2011
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• 21) Chimowitz MI et al:Stenting versus aggressive medical therapy for intracranial arterial stenosis. N Engl J Med 365:993-1003, 2011
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• 22) Smith WS et al:Safety and efficacy of mechanical embolectomy in acute ischemic stroke:results of the MERCI trial. Stroke 36:1432-1438, 2005
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• 23) Smith WS et al:Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke:final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke 39:1205-1212, 2008
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