書籍詳細

[1] 基礎編

P.5 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Arakawa K:Serine protease angiotensin II systems. J Hypertens Suppl 14:S3-S7, 1996
  pubmed

• 2) Urata H, Hoffmann S, Ganten D:Tissue angiotensin II system in the human heart. Eur Herat J 15:68-78, 1994

• 3) Wei CC, Meng QC, Palmer R et al:Evidence for angiotensin-converting enzyme-and chymase-mediated angiotensin II formation in the interstitial fluid space of the dog heart in vivo. Circulation 99:2583-2589, 1999
  pubmed

• 4) Mangiapane ML, Rauch AL, MacAndrew JT et al:Vasoconstrictor action of angiotensin I-convertase and the synthetic substrate (Proll, D-Ala12)-angiotensin I. Hypertension 23:857, 1994

• 5) Nishimura H, Buikema H, Baltatu O et al:Functional evidence for alternative ANG II-forming pathways in hamster cardiovascular system. AM J Physiol 275:H1307-H1312, 1998
  pubmed

• 6) Jin D, Takai S, Shiota N et al:Roles of vascular angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase in two-kidney, one clip hypertensive hamsters. J Hypertens 16:657-664, 1998
  pubmed

• 7) Kaartinen M, Penttila A, Kovanen PT:Accumulation of activated mast cells in the shoulder region of human coronary atheroma, the predilection site of atheromatous rupture. Circulation 90:1669-1978, 1994
  pubmed

• 8) Kovanen PT, Kaartinen M, Paavonen T:Infiltrates to activated mast cells at the site of coronary atheromatous erosion of rupture in myocardial infarction. Circulation 92:1084-1088, 1995
  pubmed

• 9) Okunishi H, Oka Y, Shiota N et al:Marked species-difference in the vascular angiotensin II-forming pathways:humans versus rodents. Jpn J Pharmacol 62:207-210, 1993
  pubmed

• 10) Ihara M, Urata H, Kinoshita A et al:Increased chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in human atherosclerotic aorta. Hypertension 33:1399-1405, 1999
  pubmed

• 11) Hirakata H, Fouad-Tarazi FM, Bumpus FM et al:Angiotensins and the failing heart. Enhanced positive inotropic response to angiotensin I in cardiomyopathic hamster heart in the presence of captopril. Circ Res 66:891-899, 1990
  pubmed

• 12) Mizutani H, Schechter N, Lazarus G et al:Rapid and specific conversion of precursor interleukin 1β (IL-1β) to an active IL-1 species by human mast cell chymase. J Exp Med 174:821-825, 1991

• 13) Tetlow LC, Woolley DE:Distribution, activation and tryptase/chymase phenotype of mast cells in the rheumatoid lesion. Ann Rheum Dis 54:549-555, 1995
  pubmed

• 14) Hokimoto S, Yasue H, Fujimoto K et al:Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme in remaining viable myocytes of human ventricles after myocardial infarction. Circulation 94:1513-1518, 1996
  pubmed

• 15) Takai S, Shiota N, Yamamoto D et al:Purification and characterization of angiotensin II-generating chymase from hamster cheek pouch. Life Sci 58:591-597, 1996
  pubmed

• 16) Shiota N, Fukamizu A, Takai S et al:Activation of angiotensin II-forming chymase in the cardiomyopathic hamster heart. J Hypertens 15:431-440, 1997

• 17) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure. Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 18) Toth T, Toth-Jakatics R, Jimi S et al:Mast cells in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1498-1505, 1999
  pubmed

P.13 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 岩尾 洋:アンジオテンシンII受容体の構造と機能. 日本臨牀 57:1002-1004, 1999

• 2) 江口 暁, 稲上 正:アンジオテンシンII受容体の情報伝達と発現調節. アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬のすべて, 先端医学社, 東京, 1997, pp. 54-60

• 3) 稲上 正, 山野好章, 今井泰平:アンジオテンシンII受容体:遺伝子, 構造と機能. レニン・アンジオテンシン系と高血圧, 先端医学社, 東京, 1998, pp. 124-137

• 4) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Ohkubo N et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor is upregulated in human heart with interstitial fibrosis, and cardiac fibroblasts are the major cell type for its expression. Circ Res 83:1035-1046, 1998
  pubmed

• 5) Okamura A, Rakugi H, Ohishi M et al:Upregulation of renin-angiotensin system during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. J Hypertens 17:537-545, 1999
  pubmed

• 6) Sugaya T, Nishimatsu S, Tanimoto K et al:Angiotensin II type la receptor-deficient mice with hypotension and hyperreninemia. J Biol Chem 270:18719-18722, 1995

• 7) Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ et al:Regulation of blood pressure by the type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3521-3525, 1995
  pubmed

• 8) Yanagitani Y, Rakugi H, Okamura A et al:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor mediated peroxide production in human macrophages. Hypertension 33:335-339, 1999
  pubmed

• 9) Lopez JJ, Lorell BH, Ingelfinger JR et al:Distribution and function of cardiac angiotensin AT1-and AT2-receptor subtypes in hypertrophied rat hearts. Am J Physiol 267 (2 Pt 2):H844-H852, 1994

• 10) Panek R, Kaplan C, Overhiser R et al:Expression of angiotensin II (Ang II) AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes in the neointima of rat cartid arteries following balloon injury. Circulation 86 (suppl 1):I-167, 1992

• 11) Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C et al:Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 377:748-750, 1995
  pubmed

• 12) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 104:925-935, 1999
  pubmed

• 13) Nakajima M, Hutchinson HG, Fujinaga M et al:The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT1 receptor:gain-of-function study using gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10663-10667, 1995
  pubmed

• 14) Roberts KA, Krebs LT, Kramar EA et al:Autoradiographic identification of brain angiotensin IV binding sites and differential c-Fos expression following intracerebroventricular injection of angiotensin II and IV in rats. Brain Res 682:13-21, 1995
  pubmed

• 15) Hall KL, Venkateswaran S, Hanesworth JM et al:Characterization of a functional angiotensin IV receptor on coronary microvascular endothelial cells. Regul Pept 58:107-115, 1995
  pubmed

• 16) Kerins DM, Hao Q, Vaughan DE:Angiotensin induction of PAI-1 expression in endothelial cells is mediated by the hexapeptide angiotensin IV. J Clin Invest 96:2515-2520, 1995
  pubmed

P.21 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Griendling KK, Ushio FM, Lassegue B et al:Angiotensin II signaling in vascular smooth muscle. New concepts. Hypertension 29:366-373, 1997

• 2) Inagami T, Eguchi S, Numaguchi K et al:Cross-talk between angiotensin II receptors and the tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (suppl 11):S57-S61, 1999

• 3) Berk BC:Angiotensin II signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle:pathways activated by specific tyrosine kinases. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (suppl 11):S62-S68, 1999

• 4) Luttrell LM, Daaka Y, Lefkowitz RJ:Regulation of tyrosine kinase cascades by G-protein-coupled receptors. Curr Opin Cell Biol 11:177-183, 1999
  pubmed

• 5) Eguchi S, Matsumoto T, Motley ED et al:Identification of an essential signaling cascade for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Possible requirement of Gq-mediated p21ras activation coupled to a Ca2+/calmodulin-sensitive tyrosine kinase. J Biol Chem 271:14169-14175, 1996
  pubmed

• 6) Eguchi S, Numaguchi K, Iwasaki H et al:Calcium-dependent epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation mediates the angiotensin II-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 273:8890-8896, 1998

• 7) Eguchi S, Iwasaki H, Hirata Y et al:Epidermal growth factor receptor is indispensable for c-Fos expression and protein synthesis by angiotensin II Eur J Pharmacol 376:203-206, 1999
  pubmed

• 8) Murasawa S, Mori Y, Nozawa Y et al:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor-induced extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase activation is mediated by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Circ Res 82:1338-1348, 1998
  pubmed

• 9) Prenzel N, Zwick E, Daub H etal:EGF receptor transactivation by G-protein-coupled receptors requires metalloproteinase cleavage of proHB-EGF. Nature 402:884-888, 1999
  pubmed

• 10) Gechtman Z, Alonso JL, Raab G et al:The shedding of membrane-anchored Heparin-binding epidermal-like growth factor is regulated by the Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and by cell adhesion and spreading. J Biol Chem 274:28828-28835, 1999
  pubmed

• 11) Zwick E, Hackel PO, Prenzel N et al:The EGF receptor as central transducer of heterologous signalling systems. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:408-412, 1999
  pubmed

• 12) Carpenter G:Employment of the epidermal growth factor receptor in growth factor-independent signaling pathways. J Cell Biol 146:697-702, 1999
  pubmed

• 13) Iwasaki H, Eguchi S, Ueno H et al:Endothelinmediated vascular growth requires p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and p70 S6 kinase cascades via transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. Endocrinology 140:4659-4668, 1999
  pubmed

• 14) Rao GN:Hydrogen peroxide induces complexformation of SHC-Grb2-SOS with receptor tyrosine kinase and activates Ras and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases group of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Oncogene 13:713-719, 1996

• 15) Suc I, Meilhac O, Lajoie-Mazenc I et al:Activation of EGF receptor by oxidized LDL. FASEB J 12:665-671, 1998
  pubmed

• 16) Kudoh S, Komuro I, Hiroi Y et al:Mechanical stretch induces hypertrophic responses in cardiac myocytes of angiotensin II type 1a receptor knockout mice. J Biol Chem 273:24037-24043, 1998
  pubmed

• 17) Zou Y, Komuro I, Yamazaki T et al:Cell type-specific angiotensin II-evoked signaltransduction pathways:critical roles of Gbetagamma subunit, Src family, and Ras in cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res 82:337-345, 1998

• 18) Li X, Lee JW, Graves LM et al:Angiotensin II stimulates ERK via two pathways in epithelial cells:protein kinase C suppresses a G-protein coupled receptor-EGF receptor transactivation pathway. EMBO J 17:2574-2583, 1998

• 19) Sadoshima J, Izumo S:The heterotrimeric Gq protein-coupled angiotensin II receptor activates p21 ras via the tyrosine kinase-Shc-Grb2-Sos pathway in cardiac myocytes. EMBO J 15:775-787, 1996
  pubmed

• 20) Ishida M, Ishida T, Thomas SM et al:Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) by angiotensin II is dependent on c-Src in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 82:7-12, 1998

• 21) Ishida T, Ishida M, Suero J et al:Agonist-stimulated cytoskeletal reorganization and signal transduction at focal adhesions in vascular smooth muscle cells require c-Src. J Clin Invest 103:789-797, 1999
  pubmed

• 22) Brinson AE, Harding T, Diliberto PA et al:Regulation of a calcium-dependent tyrosine kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells by angiotensin II and platelet-derived growth factor. Dependence on calcium and the actin cytoskeleton. J Biol Chem 273:1711-1718, 1998
  pubmed

• 23) Sabri A, Govindarajan G, Griffin TM et al:Calcium-and protein kinase C-dependent activation of the tyrosine kinase PYK2 by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res 83:841-851, 1998
  pubmed

• 24) Eguchi S, Iwasaki H, Inagami T et al:Involvement of PYK2 in angiotensin II signaling of vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 33:201-206, 1999
  pubmed

• 25) Murasawa S, Mori Y, Nozawa Y et al:Role of calcium-sensitive tyrosine kinase Pyk2/CAKbeta/RAFTK in angiotensin II induced Ras/ERK signaling. Hypertension 32:668-675, 1998
  pubmed

• 26) Sayeski PP, Ali MS, Hawks K et al:The angiotensin II-dependent association of Jak2 and c-Src requires the N-terminus of Jak2 and the SH2 domain of c-Src. Circ Res 84:1332-1338, 1999

• 27) Sayeski PP, Ali MS, Semeniuk DJ et al:Angiotensin II signal transduction pathways. Regulatory Peptides 78:19-29, 1998

• 28) Venema RC, Venema VJ, Eaton DC et al:Angiotensin II-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 is regulated by Janus-activated kinase 2 and Fyn kinases and mitogen activated protein kinase phosphatase 1. J Biol Chem 273:30795-30800, 1998
  pubmed

• 29) Aoki H, Izumo S, Sadoshima J:Angiotensin II activates RhoA in cardiac myocytes:a critical role of RhoA in angiotensin II-induced premyofibril formation. Circ Res 82:666-676, 1998
  pubmed

• 30) Mitchell R, McCulloch D, Lutz et al:Rhodopsin-family receptors associate with small G proteins to activate phospholipase D. Nature 392:411-414, 1998
  pubmed

• 31) Kudoh S, Komuro I, Mizuno T et al:Angiotensin II stimulates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. Circ Res 80:139-146, 1997
  pubmed

• 32) Li X, Yu H, Graves LM et al:Protein kinase C and protein kinase A inhibit calcium-dependent but not stress-dependent c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation in rat liver epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 272:14996-15002, 1997

• 33) Schmitz U, Ishida T, Ishida M et al:Angiotensin II stimulates p21-activated kinase in vascular smooth muscle cells:role in activation of JNK. Circ Res 82:1272-1278, 1998
  pubmed

• 34) Ushio FM, Alexander RW, Akers M et al:p38 Mitogen-activated protein kinase is a critical component of the redox-sensitive signaling pathways activated by angiotensin II. Role in vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 273:15022-15029, 1998

• 35) Kusuhara M, Takahashi E, Peterson TE et al:p38 Kinase is a negative regulator of angiotensin II signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle cells:effects on Na+/H+ exchange and ERK1/2. Circ Res 83:824-831, 1998

• 36) Takahashi T, Taniguchi T, Konishi H et al:Activation of Akt protein kinase B after stimulation with angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 276 (6 Pt 2):H1927-H1934, 1999

• 37) Ushio-Fukai M, Alexander RW, Akers M et al:Reactive oxygen species mediate the activation of Akt/protein kinase B by angiotensin II in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 274:22699-22704, 1999

• 38) Shima H, Pende M, Chen Y et al:Disruption of the p70 (s6k)/p85(s6k) gene reveals a small mouse phenotype and a new functional S6 kinase. EMBO J 17:6649-6659, 1998

• 39) Eguchi S, Iwasaki H, Motley ED et al:Intracellular signaling of angiotensin II-induced p70S6 kinase phosphorylation at Ser411 in vascular smooth muscle cells:possible requirement of EGF receptor, RAS, ERK, and AKT. J Biol Chem 274:36843-36852, 1999

• 40) Abe J, Berk BC:Reactive oxygen species as mediators of signal transduction in cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 8:59-64, 1998
  pubmed

• 41) Finkel T:Oxygen radicals and signaling. Curr Opin Cell Biol 10:248-253, 1998
  pubmed

• 42) Wang D, Yu X, Brecher P:Nitric oxide and N-acetylcysteine inhibit the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by angiotensin II in rat cardiac fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 273:33027-33034, 1998

• 43) Frank GD, Eguchi S, Yamakawa T et al:Involvement of reactive oxygen species in the activation of tyrosine kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase by angiotensin II. Endocrinology, 2000 (submitted)

• 44) Xu Q, Liu Y, Gorospe M et al:Acute hypertension activates mitogen-activated protein kinases in arterial wall. J Clin Invest 97:508-514, 1996
  pubmed

• 45) Lai K, Wang H, Lee WS et al:Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 in rat arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation. J Clin Invest 98:1560-1567, 1996

• 46) Hu Y, Cheng L, Hochleitner BW et al:Activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (ERK/JNK) and AP-1 transcription factor in rat carotid arteries after balloon injury. Arterioscler Throm Vasc Biol 17:2808-2816, 1997

• 47) Koyama H, Olson NE, Dastvan FF et al:Cell replication in the arterial wall:activation of signaling Pathway following in vivo injury. Circ Res 82:713-721, 1998
  pubmed

• 48) Laser M, Kasi VS, Hamawaki M et al:Differential activation of p70 and p85 S6 kinase isoforms during cardiac hypertrophy in the adult mammal. J Biol Chem 273:24610-24619, 1998
  pubmed

• 49) Kim S, Izumi Y, Yano M et al:Angiotensin blockade inhibits activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in rat balloon-injured artery. Circulation 97:1731-1737, 1998
  pubmed

• 50) Horiuchi M, Akishita M, Dzau VJ:Recent progress in angiotensin II type 2 receptor research in the cardiovascular system. Hypertension 33:613-621, 1999
  pubmed

• 51) de Gasparo M, Siragy HM:The AT2 receptor:fact, fancy and fantasy. Regulatory Peptides 81:11-24, 1999
  pubmed

• 52) Matsubara H:Pathophysiological role of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Circ Res 83:1182-1191, 1998
  pubmed

• 53) Tsuzuki S, Eguchi S, Inagami T:Inhibition of cell proliferation and activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase mediated by angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor in R3T3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 228:825-830, 1996
  pubmed

• 54) Bedecs K, Elbaz N, Sutren M et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptors mediate inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and functional activation of SHP-1 tyrosine phosphatase. Biochem J 325:449-454, 1997
  pubmed

• 55) Lehtonen JY, Daviet L, Nahmias C et al:Analysis of functional domains of angiotensin II type 2 receptor involved in apoptosis. Mol Endocrinol 13:1051-1060, 1999
  pubmed

• 56) Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Kambe T et al:Angiotensin type 2 receptor dephosphorylates Bcl-2 by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:19022-19026, 1997
  pubmed

• 57) Huang XC, Richards EM, Sumners C:Mitogen-activated protein kinases in rat brain neuronal cultures are activated by angiotensin II type 1 receptors and inhibited by angiotensin II type 2 receptors. J Biol Chem 271:15635-15641, 1996
  pubmed

• 58) Gallinat S, Busche S, Schutze S et al:AT2 receptor stimulation induces generation of ceramides in PC12W cells. FEBS Lett 443:75-79, 1999
  pubmed

• 59) Lehtonen JY, Horiuchi M, Daviet L et al:Activation of the de novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids mediates angiotensin II type 2 receptor-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 274:16901-16906, 1999

• 60) Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Akishita M et al:Stimulation of different subtypes of angiotensin II receptors, AT1 and AT2 receptors, regulates STAT activation by negative crosstalk. Circ Res 84:876-882, 1999
  pubmed

P.29 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Sasaki K, Yamano Y, Bardhan S et al:Cloning and expression of acomplementary DNA encoding a bovine adrenal angiotensin II type-1 receptor. Nature 351:230-233, 1991

• 2) Murphy TJ, Alexander RW, Griendling KK et al:Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Nature 351:233-236, 1991
  pubmed

• 3) Mukoyama M, Nakajima M, Horiuchi M et al:Expression cloning of type 2 angiotensin II receptor reveals a unique class of seven-transmembrane receptors. J Biol Chem 268:24539-24542, 1993
  pubmed

• 4) Kambayashi Y, Bardhan S, Takahashi K et al:Molecular cloning of novel angiotensin II receptor isoform involved in phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J Biol Chem 268:24543-24546, 1993
  pubmed

• 5) Horiuchi M, Akishita M, Dzau VJ:Recent progress in angiotensin II type 2 receptor research in the cardiovascular system. Hypertension 33:613-621, 1999
  pubmed

• 6) Ferrario CM, Chappell MC, Tallant EA et al:Counterregulatory actions of angiotensin-(1-7). Hypertension 30:535-541, 1997
  pubmed

• 7) Kerins DM, Hao Q, Vaughan DE et al:Angiotensin induction of PAI-1 expression in endothelial cells is mediated by the hexapeptide angiotensin IV. J Clin Invest 96:2515-2520, 1995
  pubmed

• 8) Goodfield NE, Newby DE, Ludlam CA et al:Effects of acute angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonism and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on plasma fibrinolytic parameters in patients with heart failure. Circulation 99:2983-2985, 1999
  pubmed

• 9) Horiuchi M, Koike G, Yamada T et al:The growth dependent angiotensin II type 2 receptor is regulated by transcription factors interferon regulatory factor-1 and-2. J Biol Chem 270:20225-20230, 1995
  pubmed

• 10) Horiuchi M, Yamada T, Hayashida W et al:Interferon regulatory factor-1 upregulates angiotensin type 2 receptor and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:11952-11958, 1997
  pubmed

• 11) Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Akishita M et al:Interferon-γ induces AT2 receptor expression in fibroblasts by Jak/STAT pathway and interferon regulatory factor-1. Circ Res 2000 (in press)

• 12) Inagami T, Eguchi S, Numaguchi K et al:Crosstalk between angiotensin II receptors and the tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:S57-S61, 1999
  pubmed

• 13) Yamada H, Akishita M, Ito M et al:AT2 Receptor and vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in vascular development. Hypertension 33:1414-1419, 1999
  pubmed

• 14) Nakajima M, Hutchinson H, Fujinaga M et al:The angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT1 receptor:gain-of-function study using gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10663-10667, 1995
  pubmed

• 15) Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ:The novel angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:156-160, 1996

• 16) Hayashida W, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ:Intracellular third loop domain of angiotensin II type 2 receptor:role in the cellular signal transduction and functional expression. J Biol Chem 271:21985-21992, 1996

• 17) Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Kambe T et al:Angiotensin type 2 receptor dephosphorylates Bcl-2 by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:19022-19026, 1997
  pubmed

• 18) Akishita M, Ito M, Lehtonen JYA et al:Expression of the AT2 receptor developmentally programs extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity and influences fetal vascular growth. J Clin Invest 103:63-71, 1999

• 19) Lehtonen JYA, Daviet L, Nahmias C et al:Analysis of functional domains of angiotensin II type 2 receptor involved in apoptosis. Mol Endocrinol 13:1051-1060, 1999

• 20) Huang XC, Richards EM, Sumners C:Mitogen-activated protein kinases in rat brain neuronal cultures are activated by angiotensin II type 1 receptors and inhibited by angiotensin II type 2 receptors. J Biol Chem 271:15635-15641, 1996
  pubmed

• 21) Marrero MB, Schieffer B, Paxton WG et al:Direct stimulation of Jak/STAT pathway by the angiotensin II AT1 receptor. Nature 375:247-250, 1995
  pubmed

• 22) Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Akishita M et al:Stimulation of different subtypes of angiotensin II receptors, AT1 and AT2 receptors, regulates STAT activation by negative crosstalk. Circ Res 30:876-882, 1999

• 23) Kang J, Richards EM, Posner P et al:Modulation of the delayed rectifier K+ current in neurons by an angiotensin II type 2 receptor fragment. Am J Physiol 268:C278-C282, 1995
  pubmed

• 24) Tang H, Guo DF, Porter JP et al:Role of cytoplasmic tail of the type 1A angiotensin II receptor in agonist-and phorbol ester-induced desensitization. Circ Res 82:523-531, 1998
  pubmed

• 25) Daviet L, Lehtonen JY, Tamura K et al:Cloning and characterization of ATRAP, a novel protein that interacts with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. J Biol Chem 274:17058-17062, 1999
  pubmed

• 26) Seyedi N, Xu X, Nasjletti A et al:Coronary kinin generation mediates nitric oxide release after angiotensin receptor stimulation. Hypertension 26:164-170, 1995
  pubmed

• 27) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype-2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor regulates renal Cycli guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and AT1 receptor-mediated prostaglandin E2 production in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 97:1978-1982, 1996

• 28) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100:264-269, 1997
  pubmed

• 29) Gohlke P, Pees C, Unger T:AT2 receptor stimulation increases aortic cyclic GMP in SHRSP by a kinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 31:349-355, 1998
  pubmed

• 30) Muller C, Endlich K, Helwig JJ:AT2 antagonist-sensitive potentiation of angiotensin II-induced constriction by NO blockade and its dependence on endothelium and P450 eicosanoids in rat renal vasculature. Br J Pharmacol 124:946-952, 1998
  pubmed

• 31) Pueyo ME, Arnal JF, Rami J et al:Angiotensin II stimulates the production of NO and peroxynitrite in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 274:C214-C220, 1998
  pubmed

• 32) Siragy HM, Inagami T, Ichiki T et al:Sustained hypersensitivity to angiotensin II and its mechanism in mice lacking the subtype-2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:6506-6510, 1999
  pubmed

• 33) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 104:925-935, 1999
  pubmed

• 34) Dulin NO, Alexander LD, Harwalkar S et al:Phospholipase A2-mediated activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by angiotensin II. Proc Natl Acad USA 95:8098-8102, 1998
  pubmed

• 35) Gallinat S, Busche S, Schutze S et al:AT2 receptor stimulation induces generation of ceramides in PC12W cells. FEBS Lett 443:75-79, 1999
  pubmed

• 36) Lehtonen JYA, Horiuchi M, Daviet L et al:Activation of the de novo biosynthesis of sphingolipids mediates angiotensin II type 2 receptor-induced apoptosis. J Biol Chem 274:16901-16906, 1999

P.37 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Jeunemaitre X, Soubrier F, Kotelevtsev YV et al:Molecular basis of human hypertension:role of angiotensinogen. Cell 71:169-180, 1992
  pubmed

• 2) Katsuya T, Koike G, Yee TW et al:Association of angiotensinogen gene T235 variant with increased risk of coronary heart disease. Lancet 345:1600-1603, 1995
  pubmed

• 3) Cambien F, Poirier O, Lecerf L et al:Deletion polymorphism in the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme is a potent risk factor for myocardial. Nature 359:641-644, 1992
  pubmed

• 4) O'Donnell CJ, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG et al:Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but not women in the Framingham Heart. Circulation 97:1766-1772, 1998

• 5) Szpirer C, Riviere M, Szpirer J et al:Chromosomal assignment of human and rat hypertension candidate genes:type 1 angiotensin II receptor genes and the SA gene. J Hypertens 11:919-925, 1993

• 6) Clauser E, Curnow KM, Davies E et al:Angiotensin II receptors:protein and gene structures, expression and potential pathological involvements. Eur J Endocrinol 134:403-411, 1996
  pubmed

• 7) Deng AY, Rapp JP:Evaluation of the angiotensin II receptor AT1B gene as a candidate gene for blood pressure. J hypertens 12:1001-1006, 1994
  pubmed

• 8) Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ et al:Regulation of blood pressure by the type 1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3521-3525, 1995
  pubmed

• 9) Chen X, Li W, Yoshida H et al:Targeting deletion of angiotensin type 1B receptor gene in the mouse. Am J Physiol 272:F299-F304, 1997

• 10) Oliverio MI, Kim HS, Ito M et al:Reduced growth, abnormal kidney structure, and type 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor-mediated blood pressure regulation in mice lacking both AT1A and AT1B receptors for angiotensin II. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:15496-15501, 1998
  pubmed

• 11) Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE et al:Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor in mice. Nature 377:744-747, 1995
  pubmed

• 12) Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C et al:Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 377:748-750, 1995
  pubmed

• 13) Kantachuvesiri S, Haley CS, Fleming S et al:Genetic mapping of modifier loci affecting malignant hypertension in TGRmRen2 rats. Kidney Int 56:414-420, 1999
  pubmed

• 14) Zhuo J, Ohishi M, Mendelsohn FA:Roles of AT1 and AT2 receptors in the hypertensive Ren-2 gene transgenic rat kidney. Hypertension 33:347-353, 1999
  pubmed

• 15) Rolfs A, Weber-Rolfs I, Regitz-Zagrosek V et al:Genetic polymorphisms of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor gene. Eur Heart J 15 (suppl D):108-112, 1994

• 16) Bonnardeaux A, Davies E, Jeunemaitre X et al:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms in human essential hypertension. Hypertension 24:63-69, 1994
  pubmed

• 17) Schmidt S, Beige J, Walla Friedel M et al:A polymorphism in the gene for the angiotensin II type 1 receptor is not associated with hypertension. J Hypertens 15:1385-1388, 1997

• 18) Castellano M, Muiesan ML, Beschi M et al:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor A/C1166 polymorphism. Relationships with blood pressure and cardiovascular structure. Hypertension 28:1076-1080, 1996
  pubmed

• 19) Takami S, Katsuya T, Rakugi H et al:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with increase of left ventricular mass but not with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 11:316-321, 1998

• 20) Tiret L, Blanc H, Ruidavets JB et al:Gene polymorphisms of the renin-angiotensin system in relation to hypertension and parental history of myocardial infarction and stroke:the PEGASE study. Projet d'Etude des Genes de l'Hypertension Arterielle Severe a modere Essentielle. J Hypertens 16:37-44, 1998

• 21) Nagy Z, Busjahn A, Bahring S et al:Quantitative trait loci for blood pressure exist near the IGF-1, the Liddle syndrome, the angiotensin II-receptor gene and the renin loci in man. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:1709-1716, 1999

• 22) Kainulainen K, Perola M, Terwilliger J et al:Evidence for involvement of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor locus in essential hypertension. Hypertension 33:844-849, 1999
  pubmed

• 23) Benetos A, Gautier S, Ricard S et al:Influence of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on aortic stiffness in normotensive and hypertensive patients. Circulation 94:698-703, 1996
  pubmed

• 24) Benetos A, Cambien F, Gautier S et al:Influence of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene polymorphism on the effects of perindopril and nitrendipine on arterial stiffness in hypertensive individuals. Hypertension 28:1081-1084, 1996
  pubmed

• 25) Hamon M, Amant C, Bauters C et al:Association of angiotensin converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1 receptor genotypes with left ventricular function and mass in patients with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Heart 77:502-505, 1997
  pubmed

• 26) Tiret L, Bonnardeaux A, Poirier O et al:Synergistic effects of angiotensin-convertingenzyme and angiotensin-II type 1 receptor gene polymorphisms on risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 344:910-913, 1994

• 27) Pei Y, Scholey J, Thai K et al:Association of angiotensinogen gene T235 variant with progression of immunoglobin A nephropathy in Caucasian patients. J Clin Invest 100:814-820, 1997
  pubmed

• 28) Sachse R, Shao XJ, Rico A et al:Absence of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene mutations in human adrenal tumors. Eur J Endocrinol 137:262-266, 1997
  pubmed

• 29) Hein L, Dzau VJ, Barsh GS:Linkage mapping of the angiotensin AT2 receptor gene (Agtr2) to the mouse X chromosome. Genomics 30:369-371, 1995

• 30) Nio Y, Matsubara H, Murasawa S et al:Regulation of gene transcription of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 95:46-54, 1995
  pubmed

• 31) Haywood GA, Gullestad L, Katsuya T et al:AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptor gene expressionin human heart failure. Circulation 95:1201-1206, 1997

• 32) Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:156-160, 1996
  pubmed

• 33) Horiuchi M, Yamada T, Hayashida W et al:Interferon regulatory factor-1 up-regulates angiotensin II type 2. receptor and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:11952-11958, 1997
  pubmed

• 34) Nakajima M, Horiuchi M, Morishita R et al:Growth inhibitory function of type 2 angiotensin II receptor:gain of function study by in vivogene transfer. Hypertension 24:379, 1995

• 35) Pope JC, Brock JW, Adams MC et al:How they begin and how they end:classic and new theories for the development and deterioration of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, CAKUT. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2018-2028, 1999
  pubmed

• 36) Katsuya T, Horiuchi M, Minami S et al:Genomic organization and polymorphism of human angiotensin II type 2 receptor:no evidence for its gene mutation in two families of human premature ovarian failure syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 127:221-228, 1997
  pubmed

• 37) Iyer SN, Lu D, Katovich MJ et al:Chronic control of high blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat by delivery of angiotensin type 1 receptor antisense. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:9960-9965, 1996
  pubmed

• 38) Phillips MI, Mohuczy Dominiak D, Coffey M et al:Prolonged reduction of high blood pressure with an in vivo, nonpathogenic, adeno-associated viral vector delivery of AT1-R mRNA antisense. Hypertension 29:374-380, 1997

• 39) Ichiki T, Usui M, Kato M et al:Downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene transcription by nitric oxide. Hypertension 31:342-348, 1998
  pubmed

• 40) Nickenig G, Strehlow K, Roeling J et al:Salt induces vascular AT1 receptor overexpression in vitro and in vivo. Hypertension 31:1272-1277, 1998
  pubmed

P.45 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Hein L, Stevens ME, Barsh GS et al:Overexpression of angiotensin AT1 receptor transgene in the mouse myocardium produces a lethal phenotype associated with myocyte hyperplasia and heart block. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:6391-6396, 1997
  pubmed

• 2) Baker KM, Chernin MI, Wixson SK et al:Renin-angiotensin system involvement in pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Am J Physiol 259 (2 Pt 2):H324-H332, 1990

• 3) Sadoshima J, Xu Y, Slayter HS et al:Autocrines release of angiotensin II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell 75:977-984, 1993
  pubmed

• 4) Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S et al:Endothelin-1 is involved in mechanical stress-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. J Biol Chem 271:3221-3228, 1996
  pubmed

• 5) Katoh Y, Komuro I, Yazaki Y et al:Angiotensin II induces hypertrophy and oncogene expression in cultured rat heart myocytes. Circulation 80:II-450, 1989

• 6) Harada K, Komuro I, Zou Y et al:Acute pressure overload could induce hypertrophic responses in the heart of angiotensin II type la knockout mice. Circ Res 82:779-785, 1998

• 7) Harada K, Komuro I, Shiojima I et al:Pressure overload induces cardiac hypertrophy in angiotensin II type 1A receptor knockout mice. Circulation 97:1952-1959, 1998
  pubmed

• 8) Kudoh S, Komuro I, Hiroi Y et al:Mechanical stretch induces hypertrophic responses in cardiac myocytes of angiotensin II type lareceptor knockout mice. J Biol Chem 273:24037-24043, 1998

• 9) Li X, Lee JW, Graves LM et al:Angiotensin II stimulates ERK via two pathways in epithelial cells:protein kinase C suppresses a G-protein coupled receptor transactivation pathway. EMBO J 17:2574-2583, 1998

• 10) Harada K, Komuro, I, Hayashi D et al:Angiotensin II type 1a receptor is involved in the occurrence of reperfusion arrhythmias. Circulation 97:315-317, 1998
  pubmed

• 11) Harada K, Sugaya T, Murakami K et al:Angiotensin II type 1A receptor knockout mice display less left ventricular remodeling and improved survival after myocardial infarction. Circulation 100:2093-2099, 1999
  pubmed

• 12) Harada K, Komuro I, Sugaya T et al:Vascular injury causes neointimal formation inangiotensin II type 1a receptor knockout mice. Circ Res 84:179-185, 1999
  pubmed

P.50 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Sasaki K, Yamano Y, Bardhan S et al:Cloning and expression of a complementary DNA encoding a bovine adrenal angiotensin II type 1 receptor. Nature 351:230-233, 1991
  pubmed

• 2) Murphy TJ, Alexander RW, Griendling KK et al:Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Nature 351:233-236, 1991
  pubmed

• 3) Matsubara H:Pathophysiological roles of angiotensin II type2 receptor in cardiovascular and renal diseases. Circ Res 83:1182-1191, 1998

• 4) Matsubara H, Inada M:Molecular insight into angiotensin II type 1 and type 2 receptors:expression, signaling and physiological function and clinical application of its antagonist. Endocr J 45:137-150, 1998
  pubmed

• 5) Ito M, Oliverio MI, Mannon PJ et al:Regulation of blood pressure by the AT1A angiotensin II receptor gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:3521-3525, 1995

• 6) Sugaya T, Nishimatsu S, Tanimoto K et al:Angiotensin II type 1a receptor-deficient mice with hypotension and hyperreninemia. J Biol Chem 270:18719-18722, 1995
  pubmed

• 7) Tanimoto K, Sugiyama F, Goto Y et al:Angiotensinogen-deficient mice with hypotension. J Biol Chem 269:31334-31337, 1994
  pubmed

• 8) Chen X, Li W, Yoshida H et al:Targeting deletion of angiotensin type1B receptor gene in the mouse. Am J Physiol 272:F299-F304, 1997

• 9) Tsuchida S, Matsusaka T, Chen X et al:Murine double nullizygotes of the angiotensin type1A and 1B receptor genes duplicate severe abnormal phenotypes of angiotensinogen nullizygotes. J CIin Invest 101:755-760, 1998

• 10) Hein L, Stevens ME, Barsh GS et al:Overexpression of angiotensin AT1 receptor transgene in the mouse myocardium produces a lethal phenotype associated with myocyte hypertrophy and heart block. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:6391-6396, 1997
  pubmed

• 11) Kambayashi Y, Bardhan S, Takahashi K et al:Molecular cloning of a novel angiotensin II receptor isoforrn involved in phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibition. J Bio Chem 268:24543-24546, 1993

• 12) Mukoyama M, Nakajima M, Horiuchi M et al:Expression cloning of type 2 angiotensin II receptor reveals a unique class of seven transmembrane receptors. J Biol Chem 268:24539-24542, 1993
  pubmed

• 13) Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C et al:Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 377:748-750, 1995
  pubmed

• 14) Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE et al:Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor gene in mice. Nature 377:744-747, 1995
  pubmed

• 15) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 104:925-935, 1999
  pubmed

• 16) Masaki H, Kurihara T, Yamaki A et al:Cardiac specific overexpression of angiotensin II AT2 receptor causes attenuated response to AT1 receptor-mediated pressor and chronotropic effects. J CIin Invest 101:527-535, 1998

• 17) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pricak DD:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril and their combinationin congestive heart failure. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999

[2] 病態生理編

P.60 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Brunner HR, Laragh JH, Baer L et al:Essential hypertension:renin and aldosterone, heart attack and stroke. N Engl J Med 286:441-449, 1972
  pubmed

• 2) Kaplan NM:The prognostic implications of plasma renin in essential hypertension. JAMA 231:167-170, 1975
  pubmed

• 3) Alderman MH, Madhavan S, Ooi WL et al:Association of the renin-sodium profile with the risk of myocardial infarction in patients with hypertension. Engl J Med 324:1098-1104, 1991

• 4) Watt GCM, Harrap SB, Foy CJW et al:Abnormalities of glucocorticoid metabolism and the renin-angiotensin system:a four corners approach to the identification of genetic determinants of blood pressure. J Hypertens 10:473-482, 1992

• 5) Inoue I, Nakajima T, Williams CS et al:A nucleotide substitution in the promoter of human angiotensinogen is associated with essential hypertension and affects basal transcription in vitro. J Clin Invest 99:1786-1797, 1997
  pubmed

• 6) Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F et al:An insertion depletion polymorphism in the angiotensin 1 converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest 86:1343-1346, 1990

• 7) O'Donnell CJ, Lindpaintner K, Larson MG et al:Evidence for association and genetic linkage of the angiotensin-converting enzyme locus with hypertension and blood pressure in men but no women in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 97:1766-1772, 1998
  pubmed

• 8) Urata H, Nishimura H, Ganten D et al:Chymase-dependent angiotensin II forming system in humans. Am J Hypertens 9:277-284, 1996
  pubmed

• 9) Touyz RM, Endemann D, He G et al:Role of AT2 receptors in angiotensin II-stimulated contraction of small mesenteric arteries in young SHR. Hypertension 33 (part II):366-372, 1999

• 10) Guyton AC:Kidneys and fluids in pressure regulation. Small volume but large pressure changes. Hypertension 19 (suppl 1):12-18, 1992

• 11) 黒川 清:高血圧の成因としての腎臓の役割. 第98回日本医学会シンポジウム記録集, 1993, pp.4-11

• 12) 奥野哲二, 猿田享男, 近藤和興ほか:高血圧自然発症ラット (SHR) の高血圧発症における脳内renin-angiotension系の役割. 高血圧 6:10, 1983

• 13) MacGregor DP, Murone C, Song K et al:Angoitensin II receptor subtypes in the human central nerve system. Brain Res 675:231-240, 1995

• 14) Williams GH, Hollenberg NK:Non-modulating hypertension. A subset of sodium-sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 17 (suppl 1):181-185, 1991

P.66 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 安東克之:腎血管性高血圧. 高血圧診療マニュァル, 東京大学内科高血圧外来編, 南江堂, 東京, 1994, pp.31-39

• 2) 高橋克敏, 藤田敏郎:高血圧クリーゼ. 日内会誌 88:2331-2335, 1999

• 3) Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M et al:Hereditary hypertension caused by chimeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase. Nat Genet 2:66-74, 1992
  pubmed

• 4) Mune T, Rogerson FM, Nikkila H et al:Human hypertension caused by mutations in the kidney isozyme of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Nat Genet 10:394-399, 1995

• 5) Shimkets RA, Warnock DG, Bositis CM et al:Liddle's syndrome:heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the β subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell 79:407-414, 1994

• 6) Hasson JH, Nelson-Williams C, Suzuki H et al:Hypertension caused by a truncated epithelial sodium channel γ subunit:genetic heterogeneity of Liddle syndrome. Nat Genet 11:76-82, 1995

• 7) Chang SS, Grunder S, Hanukoglu A et al:Mutations in subunits of the epithelial sodium channel cause salt wasting with hyperkalaemic acidosis, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1. Nat Genet 12:248-253, 1996
  pubmed

[3] 臨床薬理編

P.75 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Smith RD, Cunningham G, Kivlighn SD et al:Angiotensin II antagonists. Emerging drugs 3:81, 1998

• 2) Nishikawa K:Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. 蛋・核・酸 38:1873-1880, 1993

• 3) Carini DJ, Duncia JV, Aldrich PE et al:Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists:the discovery of a series of N-(biphenylylmethyl) imidazoles as potent, orally active antihypertensives. J Med Chem 34:2525-2547, 1991

• 4) Shibouta Y, Inada Y, Ojima M et al:Pharmacological profile of a highly potent and long-acting angiotensin II receptor antagonist, 2-ethoxy-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl]-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid (CV-11974), and its prodrug, (+/-)-1-(cyclohexyloxycarbonyloxy)-ethyl 2-ethoxy-1-[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) biphenyl-4-yl] methyl]-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate (TCV-116). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 266:114-120, 1993
  pubmed

• 5) Robertson MJ, Barnes JC, Drew GM et al:Pharmacological profile of GR117289 in vtro:a novel, potent and specific non-peptide angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 107:1173-1180, 1992

• 6) Wienen W, Hauel N, Van Meel JC et al:Pharmacological characterization of the novel nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, BIBR 277. Br J Pharmacol 110:245-252, 1993
  pubmed

• 7) Mizuno M, Sada T, Ikeda M et al:Pharmacology of CS-866, a novel nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol 285:181-188, 1995
  pubmed

• 8) Mochizuki S, Sato T, Furuta K et al:Pharmacological properties of KT3-671, a novel nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 25:22-29, 1995
  pubmed

• 9) Grady EF, Sechi LA, Griffin CA et al:Expression of AT2 receptors in the developingrat fetus. J Clin Invest 88:921-933, 1991

• 10) Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed celldeath. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:156-160, 1996

• 11) Nio Y, Matsubara H, Murasawa S et al:Regulation of gene transcription of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 95:46-54, 1995
  pubmed

• 12) Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C et al:Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin H type-2 receptor. Nature 377:748-750, 1995

• 13) Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE et al:Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor in mice. Nature 377:744-747, 1995
  pubmed

• 14) Wong PC, Hart SD, Zaspel AM et al:Functional studies of nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor subtype-specific ligands:DuP 753 (AII-1) and PDI23177 (AII-2). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:584-592, 1990
  pubmed

• 15) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure. Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 16) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study-ELITE II. Circulation 100 (suppl I):1-782, 1999 (abstr)

P.83 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Lever AF, Hole DJ, Gillis CR et al:Do inhibitors of angiotensin-I-converting enzyme protect against risk of cancer? Lancet 352:179-184, 1998
  pubmed

• 2) Miyazaki M, Sakonjo H, Takai S:Anti-atherosclerotic effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II antagonist Cynomolgus rnonkeys fed a high-cholesterol diet. Br J Pharmacol 128:523-529, 1999

• 3) Takai S, Song K, Tanaka T et al:Antinociceptive effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in mice. Life Sci 59:331-336, 1999

• 4) Jin D, Song K, Oka Y et al:Pharmacological profiles of a novel non-peptide angiotensin II type I receptor antagonist HR720 in vitro and in vivo. Jpn J Pharmacol 75:259-266, 1997

• 5) Wong PC, Price WA, Chiu AT et al:In vivo pharmacology of Dup 753. Am J Hypertens 4:288s-298s, 1991
  pubmed

• 6) 宮崎瑞夫:アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬. 細胞膜受容体, 高柳一成編, 南山堂, 東京, 1998, pp.301-317

• 7) Yamamoto D, Shiota N, Takai S et al:Three-dimensional molecular modeling explains why catalytic function for angiotensin-I is different between human and rat chymase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 242:158-163, 1998
  pubmed

• 8) Miyazaki M, Kawamoto T, Okunishi H:Vascular affinity of trandolapril. Am J Hypertens 8:S63-S67, 1995

• 9) Takai S, Shiota N, Sakaguchi M et al:Characterization of chymase from human vascular tissues. Clinica Chimica Acta 265:13-20, 1997

• 10) Jin D, Takai S, Shiota N et al:Roles of vascular angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive hamsters. J Hypertens 16:657-664, 1998
  pubmed

• 11) Hermans WR, Foley DP, Rensing BJ et al:Morphologic changes during follow-up after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary balloon angioplasty:quantitative angiographic analysis in 778 1esions-further evidence for the restenosis paradox. MERCATOR Study Group (Multicenter European Research trial with Cilazapril after Angioplasty to prevent Transluminal Coronary Obstruction and Restenosis). Am Heart J 127:483-494, 1994

• 12) Miyazaki M, Wada T, Shiota N et al:Effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonist, candesartan cilexetil, on canine intima hypertensia after balloon injury. J Hum Hypertens 13:S21-S25, 1999

• 13) Takai S, Yuda A, Jin D et al:Inhibition of chymase reduces vascular proliferation in dog grafted veins. FEBS Lett 467:141-144, 2000
  pubmed

• 14) Takai S, Shiota N, Kobayashi S et al:Induction of chymase that forms angiotensin II in the monkey atherosclerotic aorta. FEBS Lett 412:86-90, 1997
  pubmed

P.91 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Chan JC, Critchley JA, Lappe JT et al:Randomised, double-blind, parallel study of the anti-hypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan potassium compared with felodipine ER in elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 9:765-771, 1995
  pubmed

• 2) Dahlof B, Devereux R, de Faire U et al:The losartan intervention for endopoint reduction (LIFE) in hypertension study:rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am J Hypertens 10:705-713, 1997

• 3) Dzau V:Circulating versus local renin-angiotensin system in cardiovascular homeostasis. Circulation 77 (suppl I):14-113, 1988

• 4) Okamura T, Miyazaki M, Inagami T et al:Vascular renin-angiotensin system in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. Hypertension 8:560-565, 1986
  pubmed

• 5) Johnston CI, Burrell LM:Evolution of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. J Hum Hypertens 9:375-380, 1995
  pubmed

• 6) Chiu AT, McCall DE, Price WA et al:Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. VII. Cellular and biochemical pharmacology of DuP 753, an orally active antihypertensive agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252:711-718, 1990
  pubmed

• 7) Timmermans PB, Wong PC, Chiu AT et al:Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 45:205-251, 1993
  pubmed

• 8) Murphy TJ, Alexander RW, Griendling KK et al:Isolation of a cDNA encoding the vascular type-1 angiotensin II receptor. Nature 351:233-236, 1991
  pubmed

• 9) Zhang JS, Van Meel JC, Pfaffendorf M et al:Calcium dependency of the AT1-receptor mediated effects in the rat portal vein:influence of calcium antagonists. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 349:437-442, 1994
  pubmed

• 10) Masuo M, Reardon S, Ikebe M et al:A novel mechanism for the Ca2+-sensitizing effect of protein kinase C on vascular smooth muscle:inhibition of myosin light chain phosphatase. J Gen Physiol 104:265-286, 1994 1978

• 11) Toda N, Miyazaki M:Regional and species differences in the response of isolated arteries to angiotnesin II. Jpn J Pharmacol 28:495-497,
  pubmed

• 12) Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T:Modifications by endogenous prostaglandins of angiotensin II-induced contractions in dog and monkey cerebral and mesenteric arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252:374-379, 1990

• 13) Toda N, Miyazaki M:Angiotensin-induced relaxation in isolated dog renal and cerebral arteries. Am J Physiol 240:H247-H254, 1981
  pubmed

• 14) Pueyo ME, Michel JP:Angiotensin II receptors in endothelial cells. Gen Pharmacol 29:691-696, 1997

• 15) Yamasaki M, Toda N:Comparison of responses to angiotensin II of dog mesenteric arteries and veins. Eur J Pharmacol 201:223-229, 1991

• 16) Freeman EJ, Ruehr ML, Dorman RV:ANG II-induced translocation of cytosolic PLA2 to the nucleus in vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol 274 (1 Pt 1):C282-C288, 1998

• 17) Sai Y, Okamura T, Amakata Y et al:Comparison of responses of canine pulmonary artery and vein to angiotensin II, bradykinin and vasopressin. Eur J Pharmacol 282:235-241, 1995
  pubmed

• 18) Yoshida K, Yamazaki M, Toda N:Different modulation by cyclooxygenase inhibitors of the response to angiotensin II in monkey arteries and veins. Jpn J Pharmacol 55:469-475, 1991
  pubmed

• 19) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 104:925-935, 1999
  pubmed

• 20) Nafrialdi N, Jover B, Mimran A:Endogenous vasoactive systems and the pressor effect of acute NOmega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester administration. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 23:765-771, 1994

• 21) Pollock DM, Polakowski JS, Divish BJ et al:Angiotensin blockade reverses hypertension during long-term nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Hypertension 21:660-666, 1993
  pubmed

• 22) Toda N, Inoue S, Okunishi H:Prejunctional alpha adrenoceptor and angiotensin receptor function in isolated human, monkey and dog arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 246:662-666, 1988
  pubmed

• 23) 宮崎瑞夫:組織レニン・アンジオテンシン系. レニン・アンジオテンシン系と高血圧, 日和田邦男ほか編, 先端医学社, 東京, 1998, pp.154-164

• 24) Toda N, Miyazaki M, Okamura T:Vascular neuroeffector function in two-kidney, one clip hypertensive dogs. J Hypertens 3:503-509, 1985

• 25) Berk BC, Corson MA:Angiotensin signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle:role oftyrosine kinases. Circ Res 80:607-616, 1997

• 26) Eguchi S, Matsumoto T, Motley ED et al:Identification of an essential signaling cascadefor mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascularsmooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 271:14169-14175, 1996

• 27) Naftilan AJ, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ:Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and cmyc gene expressions by angiotensin II incultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 83:1419-1424, 1989

• 28) Taubman MB, Berk BC, Izumo S et al:Angiotensin II induces c-fos mRNA in aortic smooth muscle. Role of Ca2+ mobilization and protein kinase C activation. J Biol Chem 264:526-530, 1989
  pubmed

• 29) Gibbons GH, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ:Vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy vs. hyperplasia:autocrine transforming growth factor-betal expression determines growth response to angiotensin II. J Clin Invest 90:456-461, 1992

• 30) Himeno H, Crawford DC, Hosoi M et al:Angiotensin II alters aortic fibronectin independently of hypertension. Hypertension 23:823-826, 1994
  pubmed

• 31) Stoll M, Steckelings UM, Paul M et al:Theangiotensin AT2-receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J CIin Invest 95:351-357, 1995

• 32) Nakajima M, Hutchinson HG, Fujinaga M et al:The angiotensin II type 2 antagonizes the growth effects of the ATI receptor:Gain-of-function study using gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:10663-10667, 1995

• 33) Booz GW, Baker KM:Role of type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Hypertension 28:635-640, 1996
  pubmed

• 34) Ohkubo N, Matsubara H, Nozawa Y et al:Angiotensin type 2 receptors are reexpressed by cardiac fibroblasts from failing myopathic hamster hearts and inhibit cell growth and fibrillar collagen metabolism. Circulation 96:3954-3962, 1997
  pubmed

• 35) Powell JS, Clozel JP, Muller RK et al:Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme prevent myointimal proliferation after vascular injury. Science 245:186-188, 1989
  pubmed

• 36) Chobanian AV, Haudenschild CC, Nickerson C et al:Antiatherogenic effect of captopril in the Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbit. Hypertension 15:327-331, 1990
  pubmed

• 37) Miyazaki M, Sakonjo H, Takai S:Anti-atherosclerotic effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II antagonist in cynomolgus monkeys fed a high-cholesterol diet. Br J Pharmacol 128:523-529, 1999

• 38) Sadoshima J, Izumo S:Molecular characterization of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts. Circ Res 73:413-423, 1993
  pubmed

• 39) Fouad-Tarazi FM, Liebson PR:Echocardiographic studies of regression of left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension. Hypertension 9 (suppl II):1165-1168, 1987

• 40) Wong PC, Price WA Jr, Chiu AT et al:Hypotensive action of DuP 753, an angiotensin II antagonist, in spontaneously hypertensive rats. hypertension 15:459-468, 1990
  pubmed

• 41) Yamagishi H, Kim S, Nishikimi T et al:Contribution of cardiac renin-angiotensin system to ventricular remodelling in myocardialinfarcted rats. J Mol Cell Cardiol 25:1369-1380, 1993
  pubmed

• 42) Kawamura M, Terashita Z, Okuda H et al:TCV-116, a novel angiotensin n receptor antagonist, prevents intimal thickening and impairment of vascular function after carotid injury in rats. Pharmacol Exp Ther 266:1664-1669, 1993
  pubmed

• 43) Linz W, Wiemer G, Scholkens:BA:ACE inhibition induces NO-formation in cultured bovine endothelial cells and protects isolated ischemic rat hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 24:909-919, 1992
  pubmed

• 44) Farhy RD, Carretero OA, Ho KL et al:Role of kinins and nitric oxide in the effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on neointima formation. Circ Res 72:1202-1210, 1993
  pubmed

• 45) Okunishi H, Oka Y, Shiota N et al:Marked species-difference in the vascular angiotensin II forming pathways:humans versus rodents. Jpn J Pharmacol 62:207-210, 1993
  pubmed

• 46) Shiota N, Okunishi H, Takai S et al:Tranilast suppresses vascular chymase expression and neointima formation in balloon-injured dog carotid artery. Circulation 99:1084-1090, 1999
  pubmed

• 47) Di Mario C, Ruygrok PN, Serruys PW et al:Vascular remodeling in coronary artery disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 24 (suppl 3):S5-S15, 1994

P.100 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Timmermans PB, Carini DJ, Chiu AT et al:Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Am J Hypertens 3:599-604, 1990
  pubmed

• 2) Wong PC, Price WA, Chiu. AT et al:Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. VII. Characterization of functional antagonism displayed by DuP 753, an orally active antihypertensive agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 252:719-725, 1990

• 3) Kubo K, Kohara Y, Yoshimura Y et al:Nonpeptide angiotensin H receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological activity of potential prodrugs of benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acids. J Med Chem 36:2343-2349, 1993

• 4) Ohtawa H, Takayama F, Saitoh K et al:Pharmacokinetics and biochemical efficacy after single and multiple oral administration of losartan, an orally active nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 35:290-297, 1993

• 5) 東純一:カンデサルタンシレキセチル錠剤間の生物学的同等性の検討. 臨床医薬 12:2039-2052, 1996

• 6) 鈴木 伸, 矢野捷介:新規アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬カンデサルタンシレキセチルの本態性高血圧患者における薬物動態の検討. 臨床医薬 12:2413-2427, 1996

• 7) Stearns RA, Chakravarty PK, Chen R et al:Biotransformation of losartan to its active carboxylic acid metabolite in human liver microsomes. Role of cytochrome P4502C and 3A subfamily members. Drug Metab Dispos 23:207-215, 1995
  pubmed

• 8) 近藤孝治, 萩原 清, 加藤良美ほか:新規アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬TCV-116のラット, イヌにおける体内動態. 薬理と治療 24:S915-S943, 1996

• 9) 猿田享男, 鈴木洋通, 北島和一ほか:腎機能障害を伴う高血圧症患者におけるMK-954 (10sartan potassium) の体内動態について. 臨床医薬 6:157-171, 1994

• 10) 藤島正敏, 柊山幸志郎, 江藤胤尚ほか:新規アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬Candesartan Cilexetil (TCV-116) の腎障害患者における薬物動態の検討. 臨床医薬 12:3333-3352, 1996
  Medical*Online

• 11) 谷川原祐介, 菱川保, 櫻井祐一ほか:新規アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬カンデサルタン・シレキセチル (TCV-116) のPopulation pharma-cokinetics. 臨床薬理 29:317-318, 1998

• 12) Nakashima M, Uematsu T, Kosuge K et al:Pilot study of the uricosuric effect of DuP-753, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in healthy subjects. Eur J CIin Pharmacol 42:333-335, 1992

• 13) Roch-Ramel F, Guisan B, Diezi J:Effects of uricosuric and antiuricosuric agents on urate transport in human brush-border membrane vesicles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:839-845, 1997
  pubmed

• 14) 荻原俊男, 三上 洋, 檜垣實男ほか:アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬TCV-116の第I相臨床試験. 臨床医薬 9:1031-1063, 1993
  Medical*Online

• 15) Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S et al:Serum uric acid and cardiovascular events in successfully treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension 34:144-150, 1999
  pubmed

P.104 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Maktabi MA, Heistad DD, Faraci FM:Effects of central and intraventricular angiotensin I and II on the choroid plexus. Am J Physiol 261:1126-1132, 1991

• 2) Farber HW, Center DM, Rounds S:Bovine and human endothelial cell production of neutrophil chemoattractant activity in response to components of the angiotensin system. Circ Res 57:898-902, 1985
  pubmed

• 3) Maktabi MA, Todd MM, Stachovic G:Angiotensin II contributes to cerebral blood vasodilatation during hypoxia in the rabbit. Stroke 26:1871-1876, 1995
  pubmed

• 4) Tamaki K, Saku Y, Ogata J:Effects of angiotensin and atrial natriuretic peptide on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:318-325, 1992
  pubmed

• 5) 田川皓一, 竹之山利夫, 飯野耕三ほか:脳血管障害を有する高血圧患者の脳血流に及ぼすCandesartan cilexetil (TCV-116) の影響. 臨床医薬 12:3319-3331, 1996

• 6) Matulla B, Streit G, Pieh S et al:Effects of losartan on cerebral and ocular circulation in healthy subjects. Br J CIin Pharmacol 44:369-375, 1997

• 7) Hajdu MA, Heistad DD, Baumbach GL:Effects of antihypertensive therapy on mechanics of cerebral arterioles in rats. Hypertension 17:308-316, 1991

• 8) Powell JS, Clozel Jp, Muller RK et al:Inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme prevent myointimal proliferation after vascular injury. Science 245:186-188, 1989
  pubmed

• 9) de las Heras N, Aragoncillo P, Maeso R et al:AT1 receptor antagonism reduces endothelial dysfunction and intimal thickening in atherosclerotic rabbits. Hypertension 34 (4 Pt 2):969-975, 1999

• 10) Vraamark T, Waldemar G, Strandgaard S et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist CV-11974 and cerebral blood flow autoregulation. J Hypertens 13:755-761, 1995
  pubmed

• 11) Nishimura Y, Xu T, Johren O et al:The angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist CV-11974 regulates cerebral blood flow and brain angiotensin AT1 receptor expression. Basic Res Cardiol 93 (suppl 2):63-68, 1998

• 12) Ahmad S:Angiotensin receptor antagonists delay nitric oxide deficient stroke in stroke-prone rats. Eur J Pharmacol 333:39-45, 1997
  pubmed

• 13) Raje R, Ahmad S:Effect of experimental diabetes on the protection by angiotensin blockers on nitric oxide deficient stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 21:37-49, 1999
  pubmed

• 14) Fornes P, Richer C, Vacher E et al:Losartan's protective effects in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats persist durably after treatment withdrawal. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22:305-313, 1993
  pubmed

• 15) Vacher E, Richer C, Giudicelli JF:Effects of losartan on cerebral arteries in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J hypertens 14:1341-1348, 1996
  pubmed

• 16) Hirawa N, Uehara Y, Kawabata Y et al:Long-term inhibition of renin-angiotensin system sustains memory function in aged Dahl rats. Hypertension 34:496-502, 1999
  pubmed

• 17) Bennai F, Morsing P, Paliege A et al:Normalizing the expression of nitric oxide synthase by low-dose AT1 receptor antagonism parallels improved vascular morphology in hypertensive rats. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (suppl 11):S104-S115, 1999

• 18) Werner C, Hoffman WE, Kochs E et al:Captopril improves neurologic outcome from complete cerebral ischemia in rats. Stroke 22:910-914, 1991

• 19) Sadoshima S, Fujii K, Ooboshi H et al:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors attenuate ischemic brain metabolism in hypertensive rats. Stroke 24:1561-1567, 1993
  pubmed

P.115 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 長谷部直幸, 菊池健次郎:心不全とレニン・アンジオテンシン系. AEC阻害薬のすべて, 先端医学社, 東京 1999, pp.39-47

• 2) The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group:Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure:Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Eng J Med 316:1429-1435, 1987

• 3) The SOLVD Investigators:Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Eng J Med 325:293-302, 1991

• 4) Urata H, Kinoshita A, Porez DM et al:Cloning of the gene and cDNA for human heart chymase. J Biol Chem 266:17173-17179, 1991

• 5) Van Gilst WH, Scholtens E, de Graeff PA et al:Differential infuence of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on the coronary circulation. Circulation 77 (suppl I):124-129, 1988

• 6) Sadoshima J, Izumo S:Molecular characterization of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts, Critical role of AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res 73:413-423, 1993
  pubmed

• 7) Harada K, Komuro I, Shiojima I et al:Pressure overload induces cardiac hypertrophy in angiotensin II type la receptor knockout mice. Circulation 97:1952-1959, 1998

• 8) Kudoh S, Komuro I, Hiroi Y et al:Mechanical stretch induces hypertrophic responses in cardiac myocytes of angiotensin II type la receptor knockout mice. J Biol Chem 273:24037-24043, 1998

• 9) Yano M, Kim S, Izumi Y et al:Differential activation of cardiac c-jun amino-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in angiotensin-II-mediated hypertension. Circ Res 83:752-760, 1998
  pubmed

• 10) Levy D, Garrison RJ, Savage DD et al:Prognostic implications of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham heart study. N Engl J Med 322:1561-1566, 1990
  pubmed

• 11) Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al:Adverse prognosis significance of concentric remodeling of the left ventricle in hyper-tensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:871, 1995

• 12) Kojima M, Shiojima I, Yamazaki T et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist TCV-116 induces the regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy in vivo and inhibits theintracellular signaling pathways of strechmediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vivo. Circulation 89:2204-2211, 1994

• 13) Morton JJ, Beattie EC, MacPherson F:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan has persistent effects on blood pressure in the young spontaneously hypertensive rats:lack of relation to vascular structure. J Vasc Res 29:264-269, 1992

• 14) Linz W, Scholkens BA:A specific BK2-bradykinin receptor antagonist Hoe 140 abolishes the antihypertrophic effect of ramipril. Br J Pharmacol 105:771, 1991

• 15) Levy D, Salomon M, D' Agostino RB et al:Prognostic implications of baseline electrocardiographic features and their serial changes insubjects with left ventricular hypertrophy. Circulation 90:1786, 1994

• 16) Muiesan ML, Salvetti M, Rizzoni D et al:Association of change in left ventricular mass with prognosis during long-term antihypertensive treatment. J Hypertens 13:1091, 1995
  pubmed

• 17) Thurmann PA, Kenedi P, Schmidt A et al:Influence of the angiotensin II antagonist valsaltan on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 98:2037, 1998
  pubmed

• 18) Tedesco MA, Retti G, Aquino D et al:Effects of losartan on hypertension and left ventricular mass:a long-term study. J Hum Hypertens 12:505-510, 1998

• 19) Mitsunami K, Inoue S, Maeda K al:Three month effects of candesartan cilexetil, an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonist, on left ventricular mass and hemodynamics inpatients with essential hypertension. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 12:469-474, 1998

• 20) Dahlof B. Devereux R, de Faire U et al:The losartan intervention for endpoint reduction (LIFE) in hypetension study:rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am J hypertens 10:705, 1997

• 21) Mann J, Julius S:The valsartan antihypertensive long-term use evaluation (VALUE)trial of cardiovascular events in hypertension. Rationale and design. Blood Press 7:176, 1998
  pubmed

• 22) Shimizu M, Wang QD, Sjoquist PO et al:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade with candesartan protects the porcine myocardium from reperfusion-induced injury. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 32:231-238 1998
  pubmed

• 23) Seyedi N, Xu XB, Nasjletti A et al:Coronary kinin generation mediates nitric oxide release after angiotensin receptor stimulation. Hypertension 26:164-170, 1995

• 24) Wiemer G, Scholkens BA, Busse R et al:The functional role of angiotensin II-subtype AT2-receptors in endothelial cells and isolated ischemic rat hearts. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 3:24-27, 1993

• 25) Gohlke P, Pee C, Unger T:AT2 receptor stimulation increases aortic cyclic GMP in SHRSP by a kinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 31:349-355, 1998

• 26) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100:264-269, 1997

• 27) Jalowy A, Schulz R, Dorge H et al:Infarct size reduction by AT1-receptor blockade through a signal cascade of AT2-receptor activation, bradykinin and prostaglandins in pigs. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:1787-1796, 1998
  pubmed

• 28) Zhu P, Zaugg CE, Hornstein PS et al:Bradykinin-dependent cardioprotective effects of losartan against ischemia and reperfusion in rat hearts. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 33:785-790, 1999
  pubmed

• 29) Taylor K, Patten RD, Smith JJ et al:Divergent effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II-receptor antagonism on myocardial cellular proliferation and collagen deposition after rnyocardial infarction in rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:654-660, 1998
  pubmed

• 30) Ju H, Zhao S, Jassal DS et al:Effect of AT1 receptor blockade on cardiac collagen remodeling after myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc Res 35:223-232, 1997
  pubmed

• 31) Ambrose J, Pribnow DG, Giraud GD et al:Angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonism with irbesartan inhibits ventricular hypertrophy and improves diastolic function in the remodeling post-myocardial infarction ventricle. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 33:433-439, 1999
  pubmed

• 32) Thai HM, Van HT, Gaballa MA et al:Effects of AT1 receptor blockade after myocardial infarcton myocardial fibrosis, stiffness, and contractility. Am J Physiol 276:H873-H880, 1999

• 33) Yoshiyama M, Takeuchi K, Omura T et al:Effects of candesartan and cilazapril on rats with myocardial infarction assessed by echocardiography. Hypertension 33:961-968, 1999
  pubmed

• 34) Silvestre JS, Heymes C, Oubenaissa A et al:Activation of cardiac aldosterone production in rat myocardial infarction. Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade and role in cardiac fibrosis. Circulation 99:2694-2701, 1999
  pubmed

• 35) Hu K, Gaudron P, Anders HJ et al:Chronic effects of early started angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin AT1-receptor subtype blockade in rats with myocardial infarction:role of bradykinin. Cardiovasc Res 39:401-412, 1998
  pubmed

• 36) Luchner A, Stevens TL, Borgeson DD et al:Angiotensin II in the evolution of experimental heart failure. Hypertension 28:472-477, 1996
  pubmed

• 37) Dell'Italia LJ, Meng QC, Balcells E et al:Increased ACE and chymase-like activity in cardiac tissue of dogs with chronic mitralregurgitation. Am J Physiol 269:H2065-H2073, 1995

• 38) Studer R, Reinecke H, Muller B et al:Increased angiotensin-I converting enzyme gene expression in the failing human heart. J Clin Invest 94:301-310, 1994

• 39) Weber KT:Cardiac Interstitium. In:Heart Failure, ed by Poole-Wilson PA, Colucci WS, Massie BM et al, Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1997, pp.13-31

• 40) Lee YA, Liang CS, Lee MA et al:Local stress, not systemic factors, regulate gene expression of the cardiac renin-angiotensin systern in vivo:a comprehensive study of all its components in the dog. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11035-11040, 1996
  pubmed

• 41) Asano K, Dutcher DL, Port JD et al:Selective downregulation of the angiotensin II ATI-receptor subtype in failing human ventricular myocardium. Circulation 95:1193-1200, 1997

• 42) Haywood GA, Gullestad L, Katsuya T et al:AT1 and AT2 angiotensin receptor gene expression in human heart failure. Circulation 95:1201-1206, 1997
  pubmed

• 43) Raya TE, Fonken SJ, Lee RW et al:Hemodynamic effects of direct angiotensin II blockade compared to coverting enzyme inhibition in rat model for heart failure. Am J Hypertens 4:334S-340S, 1991

• 44) Smits JFM, Krimpen CV, Schoemaker RG et al:Angiotensin II receptor blockade after myocardial infarction in rats:effects on hemodynamics, myocardial DNA synthesis, and interstitial collagen content. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 20:772-778, 1992

• 45) Nishikimi T, Yamagishi H, Takeuchi K et al:An angiotensin II receptor antagonist attenuates left ventricular dilatation after myocardial infarction in the hypertensive rat. Cardiovasc Res 29:856-861, 1995
  pubmed

• 46) Quing G, Garcia R:Chronic captopril and losartan (DuP 753) administration in rats with high-output heart failure. Am J Physiol 263:H833-H840, 1992

• 47) Fitzpatrick MA, Rademaker MT, Charles CJ et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonism in ovine heart failure:acute hemodynamic, hormonal, and renal effects. Am J Physiol 263:H250-256, 1992
  pubmed

• 48) Spinale FG, Mukherjee R, Iannini JP et al:Modulation of the renin-angiotensin pathway through enzyme inhibition and specific receptor blockade in pacing-induced heart failure. II. Effects on myocyte contractile processes. Circulation 96:2397-2406, 1997
  pubmed

• 49) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly, ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 50) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Losartan heart failure survival study-ELITE II, at 72nd Scientific Sessions of American Heart Association, 1999

• 51) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure:Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study; The RESOLVD pilot study investigators. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
  pubmed

P.123 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Keane W, Anderson S, Aurell M et al:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and proegressive renal insufficiency. Ann Intern Med 111:503-516, 1989
  pubmed

• 2) Weir M, Dworkin L:Antihypertensive drugs, dietary salt, and renal protection:How low should you go and with which therapy? Am J Kidney Dis 32:1-22, 1998

• 3) Mimran A, Ribstein J:Angiotensin receptor blockers:pharmacology and clinical significance. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:S273-S277, 1999
  pubmed

• 4) Okada H, Suzuki H, Kanno Y et al:Renal responses to angiotensin receptor antagonist and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in partially nephrectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 26:563-69, 1995

• 5) Ichikawa I, Harris R:Angiotensin-acitons in the kidney:renewed insight into the old hormone. Kidney Int 40:583-596, 1991

• 6) Gansevoort R, De Zeeuw D, De Jong P:Is the anti-proteinuric effect of ACE inhibition mediated by interference in the renin-angiotensin system? Kidney Int 45:861-867, 1994

• 7) Plum J, Bunten B, Nemeth R et al:Effects of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan on blood pressure, proteinuria, and renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:2223-2234, 1998
  pubmed

• 8) Remuzzi A, Perticucci E, Ruggenenti P et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves glomerular size-selectivity in IgA nephropathy. Kidney Int 39:1267-1273, 1991
  pubmed

• 9) Russo D, Pisani A, Balletta M et al:Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 33:851-856, 1999
  pubmed

• 10) Azizi M, Guyene TT, Chatellier G et al:Additive effects of losartan and enalapril on blood pressure and plasma active renin. Hypertension 29:634-640, 1997
  pubmed

• 11) Hamroff G, Katz S, Mancini D et al:Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 99:990-992, 1999
  pubmed

• 12) Fridman K, Andersson O, Wysocki M et al:Acute effects of candesartan cilexetil (the new angiotensin II antagonist) on systemic and renal haemodynamics in hypertensive patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 54:497-501, 1998
  pubmed

• 13) Ichikawa I:Will angiotensin II receptor antagonists be renoprotective in humans? Kidney Int 50:684-692, 1996
  pubmed

• 14) Urata H, Bohem K, Philip A et al:Cellular localization and regional distribution of anangiotensin II-forming chymase in the heart. J Clin Invest 91:1269-1281, 1993

P.128 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Haenni A, Berglund L, Reneland R et al:The alterations in insulin sensitivity during angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor treatment are related to changes in the calcium/magnesium balance. Am J Hypertens 10:145-151, 1997
  pubmed

• 2) Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD et al:Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic condition. Results from the medical outcomes study. JAMA 262:907-913, 1989
  pubmed

• 3) 曵田信一, 土橋和文, 中田智明ほか:冠動脈硬化病変における糖代謝異常およびインスリン抵抗性の意義:半定量的冠動脈造影による検討. J Cardiol 32:291-300, 1998

• 4) Julius S:Coronary disease in hypertension:a new mosaic. J Hypertens Suppl 15:S3-SIO, 1997
  pubmed

• 5) Berne C, Pollare T, Lithell H:Effects of antihypertensive treatment on insulin sensitivity with special reference to ACE inhibitors. Diabetes Care 14 (suppl 4):39-47, 1991

• 6) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 104:925-935, 1999
  pubmed

• 7) Iimura O, Shimamoto K, Matsuda K et al:Effects of angiotensin receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed hypertensive rats and essential hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 8 (4 part 1):353-357, 1995

• 8) Tomiyama H, Kushiro T, Abeta H et al:Kinins contribute to the improvement of insulin sensitivity during treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Hypertension 23:450-455, 1994

• 9) Navarro-Cid J, Maeso R, Perez-Vizcaino F et al:Effects of losartan on blood pressure, metabolic alterations, and vascular reactivity in the fructose-induced hypertensive rat. Hypertension 26 (6 part 2):1074-1078, 1995

• 10) Higashiura K, Ura K, Takada T et al:The effect of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor antagoniston insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats. Am J Hypertens 13, 1999 (in press)

• 11) Moan A, Risanger T, Eide I et al:The effect ofangiotensin II receptor blockade on insulinsensitivity and sympathetic nervous systemactivity in primary hypertension. Blood Press 3:185-188, 1994

• 12) Moan A, Hoieggen A, Seljeflot I et al:The effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonism with losartan on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. J hypertens 14:1093-1097, 1996
  pubmed

• 13) Lerch M, Teuscher AU, Beissner P et al:Effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade with losartan on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and endothelin in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:576-580, 1998
  pubmed

• 14) Fang TC, Huang WC:Angiotensin receptor blockade blunts hyperinsulinemia-induced hypertension in rats. Hyperternsion 32:235-242, 1998
  pubmed

• 15) Kahn BB, Rossetti L, Lodish HF et al:Decreased in vivo glucose uptake but normal expression of GLUT 1 and GLUT 4 in skeletal muscle of diabetic rats. J Clin Invest 84:2197-2206, 1991

• 16) Hoenack C, Roesen P:Inhibition of angiotensin type I recerptor prevents decline of glucose transporter (GLUT 4) in diabetic rat heart. Diabete 45 (suppl 1):S82-S87, 1996

• 17) Dubey RK, Flammer J, Luscher TF:Angiotensin II and insulin induce growth of ciliary artery smooth muscle:effects of AT1/AT2 antagonists. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39:2067-2075, 1998
  pubmed

P.134 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Kaplan NM:The deadly quartet. Arch Intern Med 149:1514-1520, 1989
  pubmed

• 2) Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Stern MP et al:High blood pressure and insulin resistance:influence of ethnic background. Eur J Clin Invest 21:280-287, 1991
  pubmed

• 3) 川村光信, 寺本民生:高脂血症を伴った高血圧. Prog in Med 17:2415-2419, 1997
  Medical*Online

• 4) Fogari R, Zoppi A, Corradi L et al:Comparative effects of lisinopril and losartan on insulin sensitivity in the treatment of non diabetic hypertensive patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 46:467-471, 1998
  pubmed

• 5) DeFronzo RA, Ferrannini E:Insulin resistance. A multifaceted syndrome responsible for NIDDM, obesity, hypertention, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care 14:173-194, 1991

• 6) 川村光信, 寺本民生:高脂血症と高血圧症. 産婦人科治療 76:854-860, 1998

• 7) 川村光信, 寺本民生:高脂血症・高血圧症の管理. 臨床と薬物治療 15:241-245, 1996

• 8) Agata J, Miyazaki Y, Takada M et al:Association of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia with disturbed lipid metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 21:57-62, 1998
  pubmed

• 9) Laakso M, Karjalainen L, Lempiainen-Kuosa:Effects of losartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 28:392-396, 1996
  pubmed

• 10) de Pablos Velasco PL, Martin FJM:Effects of losartan and diltiazem on blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and microalbuminemia in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Drug Invest 16:361-370, 1998

• 11) 柊山幸志郎, 荒川規矩男, 藤島正敏:本態性高血圧症患者におけるMK-954 (losartan potassium) の糖・脂質代謝に及ぼす影響. 臨床医薬 10:(suppl 6):141-156, 1994 (1997改訂)

• 12) 梶山梧郎, 林 幸三, 松浦秀夫ほか:CGP48933 (Valsartan) の本態性高血圧症患者における血清脂質・糖代謝に及ぼす影響および降圧効果の検討. 臨床医薬 14:1879-1900, 1998

• 13) Iimura O, Shimamoto K, Matsuda K et al:Effects of angiotensin receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed hypertensive rats and essential hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 8:353-357, 1995
  pubmed

• 14) Iyer S, Katovich M:Effect of acute and chronic losartan treatment on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in fructose fed rats. Am J Hypertens 9:662-668, 1996
  pubmed

• 15) Moan A, Hoieggen A, Seljeflot I et al:The effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonism with losartan on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. J Hum Hypertens 9 (suppl 5):S45-S50, 1995

• 16) Tomiyama H, Kushiro T, Abeta H et al:Kinins contribute to the improvement of insulin sensitivity during treatment with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. Hypertension 23:450-455, 1994

• 17) Kirk JK:Angiotensin-II receptor antagonist:their place in therpy. Am Fam Physician 59:3140-3148, 1999

P.140 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 細谷龍男:高尿酸血症の合併症. Medical Practice 16:1080-1098, 1999
  Medical*Online

• 2) Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S et al:Serum uric acid and cardiovascular events in successfully treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension 34:144-150, 1999
  pubmed

• 3) Breckenridge A:Hypertension and hyperuricemia. Lancet 1:15-18, 1966
  pubmed

• 4) Kodama T, Murase T, Itakura H et al:Post-heparin plasma lipoprotein lipase and hepatic triglyceride lipase activities in patients with primary asymptomatic gout. Clin Chem 29:2124-2125, 1983

• 5) Fletcher AE:Adverse treatment effects in the trial of the European working party on high blood pressure in the elderly. Am J Med 90:42S-44S, 1991

• 6) 藤森新:高血圧と痛風. 治療 75:417, 1993

• 7) 加賀美年秀:痛風の合併症と死因・予後, その変遷. 高尿酸血症と痛風 2:61-70, 1994

• 8) Tykarski A:Evaluation of renal handing of uric acid in essential hypertension:hyperuricemia related to decreased urate secretion. Nephron 59:364-368, 1991

• 9) Roch-Ramel F, Guisan B, Diezi J:Effect of uricosuric and antiuricosuric agents on urate transport in human brush-border membrane vesicles. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 280:839-845, 1997
  pubmed

• 10) Cameron JS, Moro F, Simmonds A:Uric acid and the kidney. In:The Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology, ed. by Davison All et al, Oxford Medical, Oxford, 1998, pp.1157-1173

• 11) Roy JS:Superoxide and ischemia:conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to xanthine oxidase. In:Free Radicals and Their Scavenger System, ed. by Greenwald RA et al, Elsevier, New York, 1983, pp.145-153

• 12) Many A, Hubei CA, Roberts JM:Hyperuricemia and xanthine oxidase in preeclampsia, revisited. Am J Obstet Gynecol 174 (1 part 1):288-291, 1996

• 13) 細谷龍男:痛風の腎障害の発症と進展に関する研究. 慈恵医大誌 94:1-20, 1979

• 14) Tarng DC, Lin HY, Shyong ML et al:Renal function in gout patients. Am J Nephrol 15:31-37, 1995
  pubmed

• 15) Fessel WJ, Siegelaub AB, Johnson ES:Correlates and consequence of asymptonatic hyperuricemia. Arch Intern Med 132:44-54, 1973
  pubmed

• 16) Quirones GA, Natali A, Baldi S et al:Effect of insulin on uric acid excretion in human's. Am J Physiol 268:El-E5, 1995

• 17) Facchini F, Chen YD, Hollenbeck CB et al:Relationship between resistance to insulin-mediated glucose uptake, urinary uric acid clearance, and plasma uric acid concentration. JAMA 66:3008-3011, 1991

• 18) Medical Reserch Council Working Party on mild to moderate hypertension:Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranorol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Lancet 2:539-543, 1981

• 19) Krusell LR:Acite natriuretic effect of nifedipine in hypertension patients and normotensive controls. Eur J Pharmacol 32:121-126, 1987

• 20) Weidmann P, Gnadinger MP, Schohn D et al:Antihypertensive and hypouricemic effect of nitrendipine in chronic renal failure. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 36:223-227, 1989

• 21) Midtbo KA:Effect of long-term verapamil therapy on serum lipids and other metabolic parameters. Am J Cardiol 66:131-151, 1990

• 22) Gostick NK, Mayhew SR, Mukreji D et al:A randomised comparative trial of nicardipine versus amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide in mild to moderate hypertension. A report from the General Practitioner Hypertension Study Group. J Hum Hypertens 3:141-144, 1989

• 23) 西田秀太郎:塩酸プラゾシンの血清尿酸値, 尿酸クリアランスに対する影響について. 薬理と治療 14:6325-6331, 1986
  Medical*Online

• 24) Ferris TF, Golden P:Effect of angiotensin and norepineprine upon urate clearance in man. Am J Med 44:359-365, 1968

• 25) 細谷龍男, 河野英雄, 池田 斉ほか:Angiotensin 変換酵素阻害剤 (Captoril) の尿酸代謝に及ぼす影響. 日腎会誌 29:1271-1280, 1987

• 26) 市田公美:Angiotensin変換酵素阻害剤 (captoril) の腎臓における尿酸代謝におよぼす影響. 慈医誌 103:1597-1610, 1988

• 27) Leary WP, Reyes AJ, Acosta-Barrios T et al:Captopril once daily in patients with essential hypertension and hyperuricemia, S Afr. Med J 68:642-664, 1985
  pubmed

• 28) Nakashima M, Uematsu T, Kosuge K et al:Pilot study of uricosuric effect of Dup-753, a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in health subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 42:333-335, 1992

• 29) Roch-Ramel F, Werner D, Guisan B:Urate transport in brush-border membrane of human kidney. Am J Physiol 266:F797-F805, 1994
  pubmed

• 30) Burnier M, Roch-Ramel F, Brunner HR et al:Renal effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade in normotensive subjects. Kidney Int 49:1787-1790, 1996
  pubmed

P.147 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Morishita R, Gibbons GH, Kaneda Y et al:Novel and effective gene transfer technique for study of vascular renin angiotensin system. J Clin Invest 91:2580-2585, 1993
  pubmed

• 2) Resnick N, Collins T, Atkinson W et al:Platelet-derived growth factor B chain promotor contains a cis-acting fluid shear-responsive element. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:4591-4595, 1993

• 3) Nakamura Y, Rakugi H, Higaki J et al:Pulsatile stretch on smooth muscle and endothelial cells plays an important role in the growth of smooth muscle cells. Circulation 88:I-184, 1993

• 4) Rakugi H, Jacob HJ, Krieger JE et al:Vascular injury induced angiotensinogen gene expression in the media and neointima. Circulation 87:283-290, 1993
  pubmed

• 5) Rakugi H, Kim DK, Krieger JE et al:Induction of angiotensin converting enzyme in the neointima after vascular injury, possible role in restenosis. J Clin Invest 93:339-346, 1994
  pubmed

• 6) 宮崎瑞夫:ACE阻害薬の作用, 抗動脈硬化作用. Therap Res 14:4545-4549, 1993

• 7) Rolland PH, Souchet T, Friggi A et al:Aorta viscoelasticity and arterial hostopathology of atherosclerotic pigs treated by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition. J Hypertens 9 (suppl 6):S178-S179, 1991

• 8) Schuh JR, Blehm DJ, Frierdich GE et al:Differential effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade on atherogenesis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. J Clin Invest 91:1453-1458, 1993
  pubmed

• 9) Li JS, Sharifi AM, Schiffrin EL et al:Effect of AT1 angiotensin-receptor blockade on structure and function of small arterie in SHR. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 30:75-83, 1997

• 10) Okamura A, Rakugi H, Ohishi M et al:Upregulation of renin-angiotensin system during differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. J Hypertens (in press)

• 11) Ohishi M, Ueda M, Rakugi H et al:Relative localization of angiotensin-converting enzyme, chymase and angiotensin II in human coronary atherosclerotic lesions. J Hypertens (in press)

• 12) Eguchi S, Numaguchi K, Iwasaki H et al:Calcium-dependent EGF receptor transactivation mediates the angiotensin II-induced MAP kinase activation in vascular smooth muscle cells. Possible involvement of c-Src. J Biol Chem 273:8890-8896, 1998

• 13) Horiuchi M, Hayashida Y, Kambe T et al:Angiotensin type 2 receptor dephosphorylates Bcl-2 by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:19022-19026, 1997

• 14) 塘 義明, 松原弘明, 柴崎泰延ほか:血管平滑筋特異的アンジオテンシンII2型受容体トランスジェニックマウスを用いたAT2降圧作用の解析. 日本内分泌学会雑誌 92:1998 (abstr)

• 15) Nakajima M, Hutchinson H, Fujinaga M et al:The angiotensin II type II (AT2) receptor antagonizes the growth effects of the AT1 receptor:gain-of function study using gene transfer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:10663-10667, 1995
  pubmed

P.155 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Zhang J, Van Meel JC, Pfaffendorf M et al:Endothelium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated inhibition of angiotensin II-induced contractions in rabbit aorta. Eur J Pharmacol 262:247-253, 1994
  pubmed

• 2) Boulanger CM, Caputo L, Levy BI:Endothelial AT1-mediated release of nitric oxide decreases angiotensin II contractions in rat carotid artery. Hypertension 26:752-757, 1995
  pubmed

• 3) Olson SC, Dowds TA, Pino PA et al:ANG II stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in bovine pulmonary artery endothelium. Am J Physiol 273 (2 Pt 1):L315-L321, 1997

• 4) Pueyo ME, Arnal JF, Rami J et al:Angiotensin II stimulates the production of N0 and peroxynitrite in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 274 (1 Pt 1):C214-C220, 1998

• 5) Hennington BS, Zhang H, Miller MT et al:Angiotensin II stimulates synthesis of endo-thelial nitric oxide synthase. Hypertension 31 (1 Pt 2):283-288, 1998

• 6) Saito S, Hirata Y, Emori T et al:Angiotensin II activates endothelial constitutive nitric oxide synthase via AT1 receptors. Hypertens Res 19:201-206, 1996

• 7) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100:264-269, 1997
  pubmed

• 8) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 104:925-935, 1999
  pubmed

• 9) Horiuchi M, Akishita M, Dzau VJ:Recent progress in angiotensin II type 2 receptor research in the cardiovascular system. Hypertension 33:613-621, 1999
  pubmed

• 10) Stoll M, Steckelings UM, Paul M et al:The angiotensin AT2-receptor mediates inhibition of cell proliferation in coronary endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 95:651-657, 1995
  pubmed

• 11) Pueyo ME, N'Diaye N, Michel JB:Angiotensin II-elicited signal transduction via AT1 receptors in endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 118:79-84, 1996
  pubmed

• 12) Tallant EA, Lu X, Weiss RB:Bovine aortic endothelial cells contain an angiotensin-(1-7) receptor. Hypertension 29:388-393, 1997
  pubmed

• 13) Mineo C, Shimizu H, Takada K et al:Angiotensin II binding activity in cultured porcine arterial endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 48:1993-1995, 1994
  pubmed

• 14) Strawn WB, Ferrario CM, Tallant EA:Angiotensin-(1-7) reduces smooth muscle growth after vascular injury. Hypertension 33 (1Pt 2):207-211 1999

• 15) Tallant EA, Diz DI, Ferrario CM:State-of-the-Art lecture. Antiproliferative actions of angiotensin-(1-7) in vascular smooth muscle. Hypertension 34 (4 Pt 2):950-957, 1999

• 16) Griendling KK, Ushio-Fukai M, Lassegue B et al:Angiotensin II signaling in vascular smooth muscle. New concepts. Hypertension 29 (1 Pt 2):366-373, 1997

• 17) Inagami T, Eguchi S, Numaguchi K et al:Cross-talk between angiotensin II receptors and the tyrosine kinases and phosphatases. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (suppl 11):S57-S61, 1999

• 18) Berk BC:Angiotensin II signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle:pathways activated by specific tyrosine kinases. J Am Soc Nephrol 10 (suppl 11):S62-S68, 1999

• 19) Garg UC, Hassid A:Nitric oxide-generating vasodilators and 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate inhibit mitogenesis and proliferation of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest 83:1774-1777, 1989

• 20) Dubey RK, Jackson EK, Luscher TF:Nitric oxide inhibits angiotensin II-induced migration of rat aortic smooth muscle cell. Role of cyclic-nucleotides and angiotensinl receptors. J Clin Invest 96:141-149, 1995

• 21) Day FL, Rafty LA, Chesterman CN et al:Angiotensin II (AT II)-inducible platelet-derived growth factor A-chain gene expression is p42/44 extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2and Egr-1-dependent and mediated via the AT II type 1 but not type 2 receptor. Induction by AT II antagonized by nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 274:23726-23733, 1999

• 22) Yu SM, Hung LM, Lin CC:cGMP-elevating agents suppress proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells by inhibiting the activation of epidermal growth factor signaling pathway. Circulation 95:1269-1277, 1997
  pubmed

• 23) Wang D, Yu X, Brecher P:Nitric oxide inhibits angiotensin II-induced activation of the calcium-sensitive tyrosine kinase proline-rich tyrosine kinase 2 without affecting epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation. J Biol Chem 274:24342-24348, 1999

• 24) Ishida A, Sasaguri T, Kosaka C et al:Induction of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21 (Sdi1/Cip1/Waf1) by nitric oxide-generating vasodilator in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem 272:10050-10057, 1997

• 25) Cahill PA, Redmond EM, Foster C et al:Nitric oxide regulates angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 288:219-229, 1995
  pubmed

• 26) Ichiki T, Usui M, Kato M et al:Downregulation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene transcription by nitric oxide. Hypertension 31 (1 Pt 2):342-348, 1998

• 27) Funakoshi Y, Ichiki T, Ito K et al:Induction of interleukin-6 expression by angiotensin II in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Hypertension 34:118-125, 1999
  pubmed

• 28) Han Y, Runge MS, Brasier AR:Angiotensin II induces interleukin-6 transcription in vascular smooth muscle cells through pleiotropic activation of nuclear factor-kappa B transcription factors. Circ Res 84:695-703, 1999
  pubmed

• 29) Tummala PE, Chen XL, Sundell CL et al:Angiotensin II induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in rat vasculature:A potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerosis. Circulation 100:1223-1229, 1999
  pubmed

• 30) Chen XL, Tummala PE, Olbrych MT et al:Angiotensin II induces monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene expression in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 83:952-959, 1998
  pubmed

• 31) Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw JD et al:Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 74:1141-1148, 1994
  pubmed

• 32) Laursen JB, Rajagopalan S, Galis Z et al:Role of superoxide in angiotensin II-induced but not catecholamine-induced hypertension. Circulation 95:588-593, 1997

• 33) Baas AS, Berk BC:Differential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases by H2O2 and O2-in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 77:29-36, 1995
  pubmed

• 34) Takemoto M, Egashira K, Usui M et al:Important role of tissue angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in the pathogenesis of coronary vascular and myocardial structural changes induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. J Clin Invest 99:278-287, 1997
  pubmed

• 35) Usui M, Egashira K, Kitamoto S et al:Pathogenic role of oxidative stress in vascular angiotensin-converting enzyme activation in long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension 34 (4 Pt 1):546-551, 1999

• 36) Luvara G, Pueyo ME, Philippe M et al:Chronic blockade of NO synthase activity induces a proinflammatory phenotype in the arterial wall:prevention by angiotensin II antagonism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18:1408-1416, 1998
  pubmed

• 37) Kranzhofer R, Browatzki M, Schmidt J et al:Angiotensin II activates the proinflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor-Kappab in human monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:826-828, 1999
  pubmed

• 38) Potter DD, Sobey CG, Tompkins PK et al:Evidence that macrophages in atherosclerotic lesions contain angiotensin II. Circulation 98:800-807, 1998
  pubmed

• 39) Kullo IJ, Mozes G, Schwartz RS et al:Adventitial gene transfer of recombinant endothelial nitric oxide synthase to rabbit carotid arteries alters vascular reactivity. Circulation 96:2254-2261, 1997
  pubmed

• 40) Rudic RD, Shesely EG, Maeda N et al:Direct evidence for the importance of endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vascular remodeling. J Clin Invest 101:731-736, 1998
  pubmed

• 41) Moroi M, Zhang L, Yasuda T et al:Interaction of genetic deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide, gender, and pregnancy in vascular response to injury in mice. J Clin Invest 101:1225-1232, 1998
  pubmed

• 42) Chyu KY, Dimayuga P, Zhu J et al:Decreased neointimal thickening after arterial wall injury in inducible nitric oxide synthase knockout mice. Circ Res 85:1192-1198, 1999
  pubmed

• 43) Li D, Yang B, Philips MI et al:Proapoptotic effects of ANG II in human coronary artery endothelial cells:role of AT1 receptor and PKC activation. Am J Physiol 276 (3 Pt 2):H786-H792, 1999

• 44) Pollman MJ, Yamada T, Horiuchi M et al:Vasoactive substances regulate vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Countervailing influences of nitric oxide and angiotensin II. Circ Res 79:748-756, 1996
  pubmed

• 45) Diep QN, Li JS, Schiffrin EL:In vivo study of AT (1) and AT (2) angiotensin receptors in apoptosis in rat blood vessels. Hypertension 34 (4 Pt 1):617-624, 1999

• 46) Dimmeler S, Haendeler J, Nehls M et al:Suppression of apoptosis by nitric oxide via inhibition of interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE)-like and cysteine protease Protein (CPP)-32-like proteases. J Exp Med 185:601-607, 1997
  pubmed

• 47) Suenobu N, Shichiri M, Iwashina M et al:Natriuretic peptides and nitric oxide induce endothelial apoptosis via a cGMP-dependent mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:140-146, 1999

• 48) Rossig L, Fichtlscherer B, Breitschopf K et al:Nitric oxide inhibits caspase-3 by S-nitrosation in vivo. J Biol Chem 274:6823-6826, 1999

• 49) Shears LL 2nd, Kibbe MR, Murdock AD et al:Efficient inhibition of intimal hyperplasia by adenovirus-mediated inducible nitric oxide synthase gene transfer to rats and pigs in vivo. J Am Coll Surg 187:295-306, 1998
  pubmed

P.163 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Kajstura J, Cigola E, Malhotra A et al:Angiotensin II induces apoptosis of adult ventricular myocytes in vitro. J Mol Cell Cardiol 29:859-870, 1997
  pubmed

• 2) Cigola E, Kajstura J, Li B et al:Angiotensin II activates programmed myocyte cell death in vitro. Exp Cell Res 231:363-371, 1997
  pubmed

• 3) Pierzchalski P, Reiss K, Cheng W et al:p53 Induces myocyte apoptosis via the activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Exp Cell Res 234:57-65, 1997
  pubmed

• 4) Leri A, Claudio PP, Li Q et al:Stretch-mediated release of angiotensin II induces myocyte apoptosis by activating p53 that enhances the local rehin-angiotensin system and decreases the Bcl-2-to-Bax protein ratio in the cell. J Clin Invest 101:1326-1342, 1998

• 5) Tone E, Kunisada K, Fujio Y et al:Angiotensin II interferes with leukemia inhibitory factor-induced STAT3 activation in cardiac myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253:147-150, 1998
  pubmed

• 6) Pollman MJ, Yamada T, Horiuchi M et al:Vasoactive substances regulate vascular smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Countervailing influences of nitric oxide and angiotensin II. Circ Res 79:748-756, 1996
  pubmed

• 7) Horiuchi M, Hayashida W, Kambe T et al:Angiotensin type 2 receptor dephosphorylates Bcl-2 by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 and induces apoptosis. J Biol Chem 272:19022-19026, 1997
  pubmed

• 8) Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:156-160, 1996
  pubmed

• 9) Huang XC, Richards EM, Sumners C:Mitogenactivated protein kinases in rat brain neuronal cultures are activated by angiotensin II type 1 receptors and inhibited by angiotensin II type 2 receptors. J Biol Chem 271:15635-15641, 1996
  pubmed

• 10) Shenoy UV, Richards EM, Huang XC et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor-mediated apoptosis of cultured neurons from newborn rat brain. Endocrinology 140:500-509, 1999
  pubmed

• 11) Kakinuma Y, Hama H, Sugiyama F et al:Anti-apoptotic action of angiotensin fragments to neuronal cells from angiotensinogen knock-out mice. Neuroci Lett 232:167-170, 1997

• 12) Tanaka M, Ohnishi J, Ozawa Y et al:Characterization of angiotensin II receptor type 2 during differentiation and apoptosis of rat ovarian cultured granulosa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 207:593-598, 1995
  pubmed

• 13) Kotani E, Sugimoto M, Kamata H et al:Biological roles of angiotensin II via its type 2 receptor during rat follicle atresia. Am J Physiol 276:E25-E33, 1999
  pubmed

• 14) Teiger E, Than VD, Richard L et al:Apoptosis in pressure overload-induced heart hypertrophy in the rat. J Clin Invest 97:2891-2897, 1996

• 15) Krown KA, Page MT, Nguyen C et al:Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis in cardiac myocytes. Involvement of the sphingolipid signaling cascade in cardiac cell death. J Clin Invest 98:2854-2865, 1996
  pubmed

• 16) Narula J, Haider N, Virmani R et al:Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 335:1182-1189, 1996
  pubmed

• 17) Mallat Z, Tedgui A, Fontaliran F et al:Evidence of apoptosis in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. N Engl J Med 335:1190-1196, 1996
  pubmed

• 18) deBlois D, Tea BS, Than VD et al:Smooth muscle apoptosis during vascular regression in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 29:340-349, 1997
  pubmed

• 19) Isner JM, Kearney M, Bortman S et al:Apoptosis in human atherosclerosis and restenosis. Circulation 91:2703-2711, 1995
  pubmed

• 20) Han DK, Haudenschild CC, Hong MK et al:Evidence for apoptosis in human atherogenesis and in a rat vascular injury model. Am J Pathol 147:267-277, 1995

• 21) Baker AJ, Mooney A, Hughes J et al:Mesangial cell apoptosis:the major mechanism for resolution of glomerular hypercellularity in experimental mesangial proliferative nephritis. J Clin Invest 94:2105-2116, 1994
  pubmed

• 22) Yokoo T, Kitamura M:IL-1beta depresses expression of the 70-kilodalton heat shock protein and sensitizes glomerular cells to oxidant-initiated apoptosis. J Immunol 159:2886-2892, 1997
  pubmed

[4] 治療編

P.170 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Tikkanen I, Omvik P, Jensen HA:Comparison of the angiotensin II antagonist losartan with the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor enalapril in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 13:1343-1351, 1995
  pubmed

• 2) Townsend R, Haggert B, Liss C et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan versus enalapril alone or in combination with hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 17:911-923, 1995
  pubmed

• 3) Oparil S, Barr E, Elkins M et al:Efficacy, tolerability, and effects on quality of life of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, versus amlodipine, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 18:608-625, 1996

• 4) Weir MR, Elkins M, Liss C et al:Efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, versus nifedipine GITS in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 18:411-428, 1996
  pubmed

• 5) Chan JCN, Critchley JAJH, Lappe JT et al:Randomised, double-blind, parallel study of the anti-hypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan potassium compared with felodipine ER in elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 9:765-771, 1995

• 6) Dahlof B, Keller SE, Makris L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan potassium and atenolol in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Am J hypertens 8:578-583, 1995
  pubmed

• 7) Bloom BS:Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after 1 year of therapy. Clin Ther 20:671-681, 1998
  pubmed

• 8) Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS:Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 75:793-795, 1995
  pubmed

• 9) Paster RZ, Snavely DB, Sweet AR et al:Use of losartan in the treatment of hypertensive:patients with a history of cough induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Clin Ther 20:978-989, 1998
  pubmed

• 10) van Rijnsoever EW, Kwee-Zuiderwijk WJ, Feenstra J:Angioneurotic edema attributed to the use of losartan. Arch Intern Med 158:2063-2065, 1998

• 11) Frye CB, Pettigrew TJ:Angioedema and photosensitive rash induced by valsartan. Pharmacotherapy 18:866-868, 1998
  pubmed

• 12) Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Carney S et al:Main results of the losartan versus amlodipine (LOA) study on drug tolerability and psychological general well-being. LOA Study Group. J Hypertens 15:1327-1335, 1997

• 13) Schmieder RE, Schlaich MP, Klingbeil AU et al:Update on reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension (a meta-analysis of all randomized double-blind studies until December 1996). Nephrol Dial Transplant 13:564-569, 1998
  pubmed

• 14) Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Aquino D et al:Effects of losartan on hypertension and left ventricular mass:a long-term study. J Hum Hypertens 12:505-510, 1998

• 15) Thurmann PA, Kenedi P, Schmidt A et al:Influence of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 98:2037-2042, 1998
  pubmed

• 16) Kahan T:The importance of left ventricular hypertrophy in human hypertension. J Hypertens 16 (suppl 7):S23-S29, 1998

• 17) Crozier I, Ikram H, Awan N et al:Losartan in heart failure. Hemodynamic effects and tolerability. Losartan Hemodynamic Study Group. Circulation 91:691-697, 1995

• 18) Mazayev VP, Fomina IG, Kazakov EN et al:Valsartan in heart failure patients previously untreated with an ACE inhibitor. Int J Cardiol 65:239-246, 1998
  pubmed

• 19) Havranek EP, Thomas I, Smith WB et al:Doserelated beneficial long-term hemodynamic and clinical efficacy of irbesartan in heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1174-1181, 1999
  pubmed

• 20) Lang RM, Elkayam U, Yellen LG et al:Comparative effects of losartan and enalapril on exercise capacity and clinical status in patients with heart failure. The Losartan Pilot Exercise Study Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:983-991, 1997

• 21) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure:randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
  pubmed

• 22) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure. Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 23) Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G et al:Effect of the angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitor Benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 334:939-945, 1996
  pubmed

• 24) Nielsen S, Dollerup J, Nielsen B et al:Losartan reduces albuminuria in patients with essential hypertension. An enalapril controlled 3 months study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12 (suppl 2):19-23, 1997

• 25) Fernandez-Andrade C, Russo D, Iversen B et al:Comparison of losartan and amlodipine in renally impaired hypertensive patients. Kidney Int Suppl 68:S120-S124, 1998
  pubmed

• 26) Buter H, Navis G, de Zeeuw D etal:Renal hemodynamic effects of candesartan in normal and impaired renal function in humans. Kidney Int Suppl 63:S185-S187, 1997
  pubmed

• 27) Plum J, Bunten B, Nemeth R et al:Effects of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan on blood pressure, proteinuria, and renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:2223-2234, 1998
  pubmed

• 28) The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997
  pubmed

• 29) 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. Guidelines Subcommittee. J Hypertens 17:151-183, 1999
  pubmed

• 30) Ramsay L, Williams B, Johnston G et al:Guidelines for management of hypertension:report of the third working party of the British Hypertension Society. J Hum Hypertens 13:569-592, 1999
  pubmed

• 31) 日和田邦男, 荻原俊男, 松本正幸ほか:老年者の高血圧治療ガイドライン-1999年改訂版-. 日老医誌 36:576-603, 1999

P.179 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 吉永 馨, 阿部圭志, 飯村 攻ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬 MK-954 (losartan potassium) 単独投与時の降圧効果および安全性の検討-後期第II相多施設共同オープン試験-. 臨床医薬 10 (suppl 6):49-78, 1994

• 2) 荒川規矩男, 飯村 攻, 阿部圭志ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬 TCV-116 (candesartan cilexetil) の単独投与時の有効性および安全性の検討-臨床第II相後期試験-. 臨床医薬 12:2231-2266, 1996

• 3) 吉永 馨, 阿部圭志, 飯村 攻ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬 CGP 48933 (Valsartan) 単独投与時の臨床評価-後期第II相臨床試験-. 臨床医薬 14:1787-1814, 1998
  Medical*Online

• 4) 吉永 馨, 猿田享男, 飯村 攻ほか:MK-954 (losartan potassium) の本態性高血圧症に対する前期第II相臨床試験-血圧日内変動に及ぼす影響の検討-. 臨床医薬10 (suppl 6):31-47, 1994

• 5) 荒川規矩男, 飯村 攻, 阿部圭志ほか:アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬candesartan cilexetilの本態性高血圧症患者における血圧日内変動に及ぼす影響の検討-臨床第II相前期試験-. 臨床医薬 12:2195-2211, 1996
  Medical*Online

• 6) 吉永 馨, 飯村 攻, 阿部圭志ほか:本態性高血圧症の血圧日内変動に及ぼすアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬CGP 48933 (Valsartan) の影響. 臨床医薬 14:1769-1785, 1998
  Medical*Online

• 7) Andersson OK, Neldam S:The antihypertensive effect and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil, a new generation angiotensin II antagonist, in comparioson with losartan. Blood Press 7:53-59, 1998

• 8) Oddou-Stock P, Gatlin M, Kobi P et al:Comparison of the efficacy of two angiotensin II antagonists, valsartan and losartan, in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 10:84A, 1997

• 9) 吉永 馨, 飯村 攻, 阿部圭志ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するMK-954 (losartan potassium) の臨床的有用性の検討. マレイン酸エナラプリルを対照薬とした二重盲検群間比較試験. 医学のあゆみ 172:785-823, 1994

• 10) 荒川規矩男, 荻原俊男, 飯村 攻ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するTCV-116 (candesartan cilexetil) の臨床的有用性-マレイン酸エナラプリルを対照薬とした二重盲検群間比較試験-. 臨床医薬 14:871-918, 1998
  Medical*Online

• 11) 吉永 馨, 飯村 攻, 阿部圭志ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するCGP 48933 (Valsartan) の臨床的有用性の検討-Enalapril Maleateを対照薬とした二重盲検群間比較試験-. 臨床医薬 14:2355-2404, 1998

• 12) Chan JCN, Critchley JA, Lappe JT et al:Randomized, double-blind, parallelstudy of the anti-hypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan potassium compared with felodipine ER in elderly patients with mild to moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 9:765-771, 1995

• 13) Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Carney S et al:Main results of the losartan versus amlodipine (LOA) study on drug tolerability and psychological general well-being. LOA Study Group. J Hypertens 15:1327-1335, 1997

• 14) Schoenberger JA, Losartan research group. Losartan with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. J Hypertens 13:S43-S47, 1995

• 15) Dahlof B, Keller SE, Makris L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan potassium and atenolol in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 8:578-583, 1995
  pubmed

• 16) MacKay JH, Arcuri KE, Goldberg AI et al:Losartan and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension:a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concomitant administration compared with individual components. Arch Intern Med 156:278-285, 1996
  pubmed

• 17) Ruilope LM, Simpson RL, Toh J et al:Controlled trial of losartan given concomitantly with different doses of hydrochlorothiazide in hypertensive patients. Blood Press 5:32-40, 1996
  pubmed

• 18) Farsang C, Korhaz SI:Antihypertensive effects and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil, amulodipine and their combination. Am J Hypertens 10:80A, 1997

• 19) Fogari R, Corradi L, Preti P et al:Effect of losartan addition to lisinopril in hypertensives:A 24-hour ABPM study. J Hypertens 16 (suppl2):S25, 1998

• 20) Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNCVI). Ann Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997

• 21) 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension:Guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151-183, 1999
  pubmed

P.185 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Kuwajima I, Miyao M, Suzuki Y et al:Diagnostic value of electrocardiography and echocardiography for white coat hypertension in the elderly. Am J Cardiol 73:1232-1234, 1994
  pubmed

• 2) Pickering TG, James GD:Some implications of the differences between home, clinic and ambulatory blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive patients. J Hypertens Suppl 7:S65-S72, 1989
  pubmed

• 3) Staessen JA, Thijs L, Fagard R et al:Predicting cardiovascular risk using conventional vs ambulatory blood pressure in older patients with systolic hypertension. JAMA 282:539-546, 1999
  pubmed

• 4) SHEP, Group CR:Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the systolic hypertension in the elderly program (SHEP). JAMA 265:3255-3264, 1991

• 5) Staessen JA, Fagard R, Thijs Lea:Randomised double-blind comparison of placebo and active treatment for older patients with isolated systolic hypertension. Lancet 350:757-763, 1997

• 6) Pfeffer M, Braunwald D, Moye L et al:Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. New Engl J Mea 10:669-677, 1992

• 7) Kober L, Torp PC:Clinical characteristics and mortality of patients screened for entry into the Trandolapril Cardiac Evaluation (TRACE) study. Am J Cardiol 76:1-5, 1995

• 8) Dell'Italia L, Opari S:Bradykinin in the heart. Circulation 100:2305-2307, 1999

• 9) Pitt B, Arbor A, Philip A Poole-Wilson:Angiotensin II receptor blocker vs ACE inhibitor in severe heart failiure 72th AHA meeting, Atlanta, Nov 7-10, 1999

• 10) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (evaluation of losartan in the elderly study, ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 11) McKelvie R, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan,enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure. Randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
  pubmed

• 12) 荻原俊男, 松岡博昭, 中川雅夫:高齢者高血圧患者に対するアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬TCV-116 (candesartan cilexetil)) の降圧効果および安全性の検討. 臨床医薬 12:574-591, 1996

• 13) Mclnnes GT, O'Kane KP, Jonker J et al:The efficacy and tolerability of candesartan cilexetil in an elderly hypertensive population. J Hum Hypertens 11:S75-S80, 1997

• 14) Sever P:Candesartan cilexetil:a new, long-acting, effective angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. J Hum Hype185
  pubmed

• 15) Hubner R, Hogemann AM, Sunzel M et al:Pharmacokinetics of candesartan after single and repeated doses of candesartan cilexetil in young and elderly healthy volunteers. J Hum Hypertens 11 (suppl 2):S19-S25, 1997

• 16) 吉永 馨, 阿部圭志, 飯村 攻ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するATII受容体拮抗薬MK-954 (losartan potassium)) 単独投与時の降圧効果および安全性の検討. 臨床医薬10 (suppl 6):49-77, 1994

• 17) Tedesco MA, Ratti G, Mennella S et al:Comparison of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide on cognitive function and quality of life in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 12:1130-1134, 1999
  pubmed

P.191 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Hebert LA, Falkenhain ME, Nahman NS et al:Combination ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 19:1-6, 1999

• 2) Azizi M, Guyene TT, Chatellier G et al:Additive effects of losartan and enalapril on blood pressure and plasma active renin. Hypertension 29:634-640, 1997
  pubmed

• 3) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak P et al:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure. Randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD pilot study investigators. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
  pubmed

• 4) Hamroff G, Katz SD, Mancini D et al:Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 99:990-992, 1999
  pubmed

• 5) Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al:The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. Randomized aldactone evaluation study investigators. N Engl J Med 341:709-717, 1999

P.200 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Strandgaard S, Paulson OB:Regulation of cerebral blood flow in health and disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19 (suppl 6):S89-S93, 1992

• 2) Paulson OB, Strandgaard S, Edvinsson L:Cerebral autoregulation. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 2:161-192, 1990
  pubmed

• 3) 清水義臣, 寶寳英隆, 松本昌泰ほか:脳血管障害からみた降圧薬の選択. 血圧 5:49-53, 1998

• 4) Strandgaard S, Oleson J, Skinhoj E et al:Cerebral autoregulation in man. Stroke 5:695-705, 1974

• 5) Squire IB:Actions of angiotensin II on cerebral blood flow autoregulation in health and disease. J Hypertens 12:1203-1208, 1994

• 6) Faraci FM, Heistad DD:Regulation of large cerebral arteries and cerebral microvascular pressure. Circ Res 66:8-17, 1990
  pubmed

• 7) Naveri L:The role of angiotensin receptor subtypes in cerebrovascular regulation in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand 155 (suppl 630):1-47, 1995

• 8) Haas DC, Streeten DH, Kim RC et al:Death from cerebral hypoperfusion during nitroprusside treatment of acute angiotensin-dependent hypertension. Am J Med 75:1071-1076, 1983
  pubmed

• 9) Haas DC, Anderson GH Jr, Streeten DH:Role of angiotensin in lethal hypoperfusion during treatment of acute hypertension. Arch Intern Med 145:1922-1924, 1985
  pubmed

• 10) Barry DI, Jarden JO, Paulson OB et al:Cerebrovascular aspects of converting-enzyme inhibition I:effects of intravenous captopril in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. J Hypertens 2:589-597, 1984
  pubmed

• 11) Postiglione A, Bobkiewicz T, Vinholdt-Pedersen E et al:Cerebrovascular effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition involve large artery dilatation in rats. Stroke 22:1363-1368, 1991
  pubmed

• 12) Demolis P, Carville C, Giudicelli JF:Effects of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on cerebral blood flow autoregulation inhealthy volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 22:373-380, 1993

• 13) Waldemar G, Paulson OB, Barry DJ et al:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and the upper limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation:effect of sympathetic stimulation. Circ Res 64:1197-1204, 1989

• 14) Stromberg C, Naveri L, Saavedra JM:Nonpeptide angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptorligands modulate the upper limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 13:298-303, 1993

• 15) Strandgaard S:Autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in hypertensive patients. The modifying influence of prolonged antihypertensive treatment on the tolerance to acute, drug-induced hypotension. Circulation 53:720-727, 1976

• 16) Saavedra JM, Nishimura Y:Angiotensin and cerebral blood flow. Cell Mol Neurobiol 19:553-573, 1999

• 17) Rossi GP, Rossi A, Sacchetto A et al:Hypertensive cerebrovascular disease and the renin-angiotensin system. Stroke 26:1700-1706, 1995

• 18) Bonithon-Kopp C, Ducimetiere P, Touboul PJ et al:Plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and carotid wall thickening. Circulation 89:952-954, 1994
  pubmed

• 19) Kario K, Kanai N, Saito K et al:Ischemic stroke and the gene for angiotensin-converting enzyme in Japanese hypertensives. Circulation 93:1630-1633, 1996
  pubmed

• 20) Maeda Y, Ikeda U, Ebata H et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme gene polymorphism in hypertensive individuals with parental history of stroke. Stroke 17:1521-1523, 1996

• 21) Barley J, Markus H, Brown M et al:Lack of association between angiotensin polymorphism (M235T) and cerebrovascular disease and carotid atheroma. J Human Hypertens 9:681-683, 1995
  pubmed

• 22) Nakata Y, Katsuya T, Rakugi H et al:Polymorphism of angiotensin converting enzyme, angiotensinogen, and apolipoprotein E genes in a Japanese population with cerebrovascular disease. Am J Hypertens 10:1391-1395, 1997

• 23) Kawakami N, Yamashita T, Nakano S:Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on chronic ischemic patients. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 166:93-95, 1996
  pubmed

• 24) Veiant M, Clozel Jp, Kuhn H et al:Protective effect of cilazapril on the cerebral circulation. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 19 (suppl 6):S94-S99, 1992

• 25) Waldemar G, Schmidt JF, Andersen AR et al:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition and cerebral blood flow autoregulation in normotensive and hypertensive man. J Hypertens 7:229-235, 1989

• 26) Lartaud I, Makki T, Bray-des-Boscs L et al:Effect of chronic ANG I-converting enzyme inhibition on aging processes. IV. Cerebral blood flow autoregulation. Am J Physiol 267:R687-R694, 1994

• 27) The GLANT Study Group:A12-month comparison of ACE inhibitor and Ca antagonist therapy in mild to moderate essential hypertension-The GLANT Study-. Hypertens Res 18:235-244, 1995

• 28) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomized trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999

• 29) Stier CT Jr, Benter IF, Ahmad S et al:Enalapril prevents stroke and kidney dysfunction in salt-loaded stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 13:115-121, 1989
  pubmed

• 30) Werner C, Hoffman WE, Kochs E et al:Captopril improves neurologic outcome from incomplete cerebral ischemia in rat. Stroke 22:910-914, 1991
  pubmed

• 31) Dyker AG, Grosset DG, Lees K:Perindopril reduces blood pressure but not cerebral blood flow in patients with recent cerebral ischemic stroke. Stroke 28:580-583, 1997

• 32) Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S, Okada K et al:The effect of enalapril maleate on cerebral blood flow in chronic infarction. Angiology 43:378-388, 1992
  pubmed

• 33) Kuriyama Y, Nakamura M, Sawada T et al:Normalization of cerebral blood flow auto-regulation after administration of converting enzyme inhibitor (enalapril) in old stroke patients with hypertension. High Blood Press 1:239-244, 1992

• 34) Vraamark T, Waldmar G, Strandgaard S et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist CV-11974 and cerebral blood flow autoregulation. J Hypertens 13:755-761, 1995

• 35) Stier CT Jr, Adler LA, Levine S et al:Stroke prevention by losartan in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 11 (suppl 3):S37-S42, 1993

• 36) Inada Y, Wada T, Ojima M et al:Protective effects of candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116) against stroke, kidney dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 19:1079-1099, 1997

P.207 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Timmermans PB, Wong PC, Chiu AT et al:Angiotensin II receptors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacol Rev 45:205-251, 1993
  pubmed

• 2) Heistad DD, Baumbach GL, Kitazono T et al:Effects of hypertension on cerebral blood vessels. Hypertens Res 16:225-231, 1993

• 3) Baumbach GL, Heistad DD:Remodeling of cerebral arterioles in chronic hypertension. Hypertension 13:968-972, 1989
  pubmed

• 4) Faraci FM, Heistad DD:Regulation of the cerebral circulation:role of endothelium and potassium channels. Physiol Rev 78:53-97, 1998
  pubmed

• 5) Yang ST, Mayhan WG, Faraci FM et al:Mechanisms of impaired endothelium-dependent cerebral vasodilatation in response to bradykinin in hypertensive rats. Stroke 22:1177-1182, 1991
  pubmed

• 6) Kitazono T, Faraci FM, Heistad DD:L-Arginine restores dilator responses of the basilar artery to acetylcholine during chronic hypertension. Hypertension 27:893-896, 1996
  pubmed

• 7) Kitazono T, Heistad DD, Faraci FM:ATP-sensitive potassium channels in the basilar artery during chronic hypertension. Hypertension 22:677-681, 1993
  pubmed

• 8) Takaba H, Nagao T, Ibayashi S et al:Altered cerebrovascular response to a potassium channel opener in hypertensive rats. hypertension 28:143-146, 1996
  pubmed

• 9) Faraci FM, Heistad DD:Regulation of the cerebral circulation:role of endothelium and potassium channels. Physiol Rev 78:53-97, 1998
  pubmed

• 10) Kitazono T, Faraci FM, Taguchi H et al:Role of potassium channels in cerebral blood vessels. Stroke 26:1713-1723, 1995
  pubmed

• 11) Kimura K, Ito M, amano M et al:Regulation of myosin phosphatase by Rho and Rho-associated kinase (Rho kinase). Science 273:245-248, 1996
  pubmed

• 12) Uehata M, Ishizaki T, Satoh H et al:Calcium sensitization of smooth muscle mediated by a Rho-associated protein kinase in hypertension. Nature 389:990-994, 1997
  pubmed

• 13) Fujishima M, Omae T:Lower limit of cerebral autoregulation in normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Experientia 32:1019-1020, 1976
  pubmed

• 14) Irie K, Yamaguchi T, Minematsu K et al:The J-curve phenomenon in stroke recurrence. Stroke 24:1844-1849, 1993

• 15) Nakamura K, Oita J, Yamaguchi T:Nocturnal blood pressure dip in stroke survivors:a pilot study. Stroke 26:1373-1378, 1995
  pubmed

• 16) Yoshida K, Okamura T, Toda N:Potentiation of hypoxia of contractions caused by angiotensin II in dog and monkey cerbral arteries. Stroke 24:421-426, 1993

• 17) Toda N, Hayashi S:Age-dependent alteration in the response of isolated basilar areteries to vasoactive agents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 211:716-721, 1979

• 18) Naveri L, Stromberg C, Saavedra JM:Angiotensin II AT1 receptor mediated contraction of the perfused rat cerebral artery. Neuroreport 5:2278-2280, 1994
  pubmed

• 19) Mayhan WG, Amundsen SM, Faraci FM et al:Responses of cerebral arteries after ischemia and reperfusion in cats. Am J Physiol 255:H879-H884, 1988

• 20) Haberl RL, Decker PJ, Einhaupl KM:Angiotensin degradation products mediate endothelium-dependent dilation of rabbit brain arterioles. Circ Res 68:1621-1627, 1991
  pubmed

• 21) Haberl RL:Role of angiotensin receptor subtypes in the response of rabbit brain arterioles to angiotensin. Stroke 25:1476-1480, 1994
  pubmed

• 22) Maktabi MA, Todd MM, Stachovic G:Angiotensin II contributes to cerebral vasodilatation during hypoxia in the rabbit. Stroke 26:1871-1876, 1995
  pubmed

• 23) Naveri L, Stromberg C, Saavedra JM:Angiotensin II AT2 receptor stimulation increases cerebrovascular resistance during hemorrhagic hypotension in rats. Regul Pept 52:21-29, 1994
  pubmed

• 24) Faraci FM, Mayhan WG, Schmid PG et al:Effects of arginine vasopressin on cerebral microvascular pressure. Am J Physiol 255:H70-H76, 1988
  pubmed

• 25) Krejcy K, Wolzt M, Kreuzer C et al:Characterization of angiotensin-II effects on cerebral and ocular circulation by noninvasive methods. Br J Clin Pharmacol 43:501-508, 1997
  pubmed

• 26) Kramer EA, Harding JW, Wright JW:Angiotensin II-and IV-induced changes in cerebral blood flow:roles of AT1 AT2, and AT4 receptor subtypes. Regul Pept 68:131-138, 1997

• 27) Barry DI, Paulson OB, Jarden JO et al:Effects of captopril on cerebral blood flow in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Am J Med 76:79-85, 1984
  pubmed

• 28) Cai H, Yao H, Ibayashi S et al:Effects of long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, imidapril, on the lower limit of cerebral blood flow autoregulation in hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 341:73-77, 1998
  pubmed

• 29) Saavedra JM, Nishimura Y:Angiotensin and cerebral blood flow. Cell Mol Neurobiol 19:553-573, 1999

• 30) Takada J, Nagao T, Ibayashi S et al:Bradykinin mediates the effect of an ACE inhibitor on the lower limit of cerebral autoregulation in rats (abstr). Stroke (in press)

• 31) Hajdu MA, Heistad DD, Baumbach GL:Effects of antihypertensive therapy on mechanics of cerebral arterioles in rats. Hypertension 17:308-316, 1991

• 32) Yang ST, Faraci FM, Heistad DD:Effects of cilazapril on cerebral vasodilatation in hypertensive rats. hypertension 22:150-155, 1993
  pubmed

• 33) Kobayashi S, Yamaguchi S, Okada K et al:The effect of enarapril maleate on cerebral bloodflow in chronic cerebral infarction. Angiology 43:378-388, 1992

• 34) Naritomi H, Shimizu T, Watanabe Y et al:Effects of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor alacepril on cerebral blood flow in hypertensive stroke patients:a pilot study. Cur Ther Res 55:1446-1454, 1994

• 35) Matulla B, Streit G, Pieh S et al:Effects of losartan on cerebral and ocular circulation in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 44:369-375, 1997
  pubmed

• 36) Vraamark T, Waldernar G, Strandgaard S et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist CV-11974 and cerebral blood flow autoregulation. J Hypertens 13:755-761, 1995

• 37) Vacher E, Richer C, Giudicelli JF:Effects of losartan on cerebral arteries in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 14:1341-1348, 1996
  pubmed

• 38) Inada Y, Wada T, Ojima M et al:Protective effects of candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116) against stroke, kidney dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 19:1079-1099, 1997

• 39) Dzau VJ:Multiple pathways of angiotensin production in the blood vessel wall:evidence, possibilities and hypotheses. J Hypertens 7:933-936, 1989
  pubmed

P.213 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Vasan RS, Levy D:The role of hypertension in pathogenesis of heart failure. Arch Intern Med 156:1789-1796, 1996
  pubmed

• 2) Francis GS, Benedict C, Johnstone DE et al:Cornparison of neuroendocrine activation in patients with left ventricular dysfunction with and without congestive heart failure. A substudy of the studies of left ventricular dysfunction (SOLVD). Circulation 82:1724-1729, 1990
  pubmed

• 3) Baker KH, Chernin MI, Wixson SK et al:Renin-angiotensin system involvement in pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Am J Physiol 259:H324-H332, 1990

• 4) Kromer ER, Riegger GAJ:Effect of long-term angiotensin enzyme inhibition on myocardial hypertrophy in experimental aortic stenosis in rats. Am J Cardiol 62:161-163, 1988

• 5) Dzau VJ:Tissue renine-angiotensin system in myocardial hypertrophy and failure. Arch Intern Med 153:937-942, 1993
  pubmed

• 6) Regitz-Zagrosek V, Friedel N, Heymann A et al:Regulation, chamber localization, and subtype distribution of angiotensin II receptors in human hearts. Circulation 91:1461-1471, 1995
  pubmed

• 7) Uger T, Culman J, Gohlke P et al:Angiotensin II receptor blockade and end-organ protection. Pharmacological rationale and evidence. J Hypertens 16 (suppl 7):S3-S9, 1998

• 8) Suzuki J, Matsubara H, Urakami M et al:Rat angiotensin H (type 1A) receptor mRNA regulation and subtype expression in myocardial growth and hypertrophy. Circ Res 73:439-447, 1993

• 9) Nio Y, Matsubara H, Murasawa S et al:Regulation of gene transcription of angiotensin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 95:46-54, 1995
  pubmed

• 10) Nozawa Y, Haruno A, Oda N et al:Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in bovine and human ventricular myocardium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:566-571, 1994
  pubmed

• 11) Sadoshima J, Izumo S:Molecular characterization of angiotensin II-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes and hyperplasia of cardiac fibroblasts. Critical role of the AT1 receptor subtype. Circ Res 73:413-423, 1993
  pubmed

• 12) Crawford DC, Chobanian AV, Brecher P:Angiotensin II induces fibronectin expression associated with cardiac fibrosis in the rat. Circ Res 74:727-739, 1994
  pubmed

• 13) Hein L, Barsh GS, Pratt RE et al:Behavioural and cardiovascular effects of disrupting the angiotensin II type-2 receptor in mice. Nature 377:744-747, 1995
  pubmed

• 14) Sadoshima J, Xu Y, Slayter HS et al:Autocrine release of angiotensin II mediates stretch-induced hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes in vitro. Cell 75:977-984, 1993
  pubmed

• 15) Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S et al:Angiotensin II partly mediates mechanical stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 77:258-265, 1995
  pubmed

• 16) Harada K, Komuro I, Shiojima I et al:Pressure overload induces cardiac hypertrophy in angiotensin II type 1a receptor knockout mice. Circulation 97:1952-1959, 1998
  pubmed

• 17) Weber KT:Pathological hypertrophy and cardiac interstium. Fibrosis and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone systern. Circculation 83:1849-1865, 1991

• 18) Schunkert H, Dzau VJ, Tang SS et al:Increased rat cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme activity and mRNA expression in pressure overload left ventricular hypertrophy. Effects on coronary resistance, contractility, and relaxation. J Clin Invest 86:1913-1920, 1990
  pubmed

• 19) Hirsch AT, Talsness CE, Schunkert H et al:Tissue-specific activation of cardiac angiotensin converting enzyme in experimental heart failure. Circ Res 69:475-482, 1991
  pubmed

• 20) Lindpaintner K, Lu W, Niedermajer N et al:Selective activation of cardiac angiotensinogen gene expression in post-infarction ventricular remodeling in the rat. J Mol Cell Cardiol 25:133-143, 1993

• 21) Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW et al:Angiotensin II-forming pathways in normal and failing human heart. Circ Res 66:883-890, 1990
  pubmed

• 22) Schmieder RE, Martus P, Klinbeil A:Reversal of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. A meta-analysis of randomized double-blind studies. JAMA 275:1507-1513, 1996
  pubmed

• 23) Kahan T, Malmqvist K, Edner M et al:Rate and extent of left ventricular hypertrophy regression:a comparison of angiotensin II blockade with irbesartan and beta-blockade. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:212A, 1998 (abstr)

• 24) Thurmann PA, Kenedi P, Schmidt A et al:Influence of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation 98:2037-2042, 1998
  pubmed

• 25) Dahlof B, Devereux R, de Faire U et al:The losartan intervention for endpoint reduction (LIFE) in hypertension study. Rationale, design, and methods. Am J Hypertens 10:705-713, 1997
  pubmed

P.220 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Cushman DW, Cheung HS, Subo EF et al:Design of potent inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme. Carboxyalkonoyl and mercaptoalkanoyl amino acids. Biochemistry 16:5484-5491, 1977

• 2) Sander GE, McKinnie JJ, Greenberg SS et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and anigiotensin II receptro antagonists in the treatment of heart failure caused by left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 41:265-300, 1999

• 3) Brunner-La Rocca HS, Vaddadi G, Esler MD et al:Recent insight into therapy of congestive heart fialure:focus on ACE inhibition and angiotensin-II antagonism. JACC 33:1163-1173, 1999

• 4) Deedwania PC:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors in congestive heart failure. Arch Intern Med 150:1798-1805, 1990
  pubmed

• 5) Kuizinga MC, Smits JFM, Arends JW et al:AT2 receptor blockade reduced cardiac intersititial cell DNA synthesis and cardiac function after rat myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 30:425-434, 1997

• 6) Yamada T, Horiuchi M, Dzau VJ etal:Angiotensin n type 2 receptor mediates programmed cell death. Proc Natl Acd Sci USA 93:156-160, 1996

• 7) Olivetti G, Abbi R, Auaini F et al:Apotosis in the failing human heart. N Engl J Med 336:1131-1141, 1997

• 8) Stevenson WG, Middlekauff HR, Saxon LA:Ventricular arrhythmia in heart failure:Cardiac Elctrophysiology Form Cell to Bedside 2nd ed, ed by Zipes D, Saunders, Philadelphia, 1995, pp. 848-863

• 9) Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S et al:A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325:303-310, 1991
  pubmed

• 10) Fonarow GC, Chelimsky-Fallick C, Stevenson LW et al:Effect of diret vasodilation with hydralazine versus angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with captropril on mortality in advanced heart failure:The Hy-C trial. J Am Col Cardiol 19:842-850, 1992

• 11) 瀬戸口聡子, 竹下 彰:慢性心不全の治療におけるアンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬, アンジオテンシン1型受容体拮抗薬の選択. Cardiac Practice 10:409-413, 1999

• 12) Brown NJ, Vaughan DE:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Circulation 97:1411-1420, 1998
  pubmed

• 13) Goodfriend TL, Elliott ME, Catt KJ et al:Angiotensin Receptros and their antagonists. N Engl J Med 334:1649-1654, 1996

• 14) Yusurf S, Nicklas JM et al:Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions (SOLVD-Prevention). N Engl J Med 327:685-691, 1992

• 15) Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA et al:Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfucntion after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial (SAVE). Eng J Med 327:669-677, 1992

• 16) Carson P, Johnson G, Fletcher R et al:Mild systolic dysfucntion in heart failure (left ventricular ejection fraction (>35%):baseline characteristics, prognosis, and response to therapy in the vasodilator in heart failure trials (V-HeFT). J Am Coll Cardiol 27:542-549, 1996

P.226 掲載の参考文献

• 1) The SOLVD Investigators:Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325:293-302, 1991
  pubmed

• 2) Ghali JK, Liao Y, Simmons B et al:The prognostic role of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with or without coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med 117:831-836, 1992
  pubmed

• 3) Vasan RS, Larson MG, Benjamin EJ et al:Left ventricular dilatation and the risk of congestive heart failure in people without myocardial infarction. N Eng J Med 336:1350-1355, 1997

• 4) Liu YH, Yang XP, Sharov VG et al:Effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists in rats with heart failure. J Clin Invest 99:1926-1935, 1997
  pubmed

• 5) Richer C, Fornes P, Cazaubon C et al:Effects of long-term angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade on survival, hemodynamics and cardiac remodeling in chronic heart failure in rats. Cardiovasc Res 41:100-108, 1999
  pubmed

• 6) Kojima M, Shiojima I, Yamazaki T et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist TCV-116 induces regression of hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy in vivo and inhibits the intracellular signaling pathway of stretch-mediated cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in vitro. Circulation 89:2204-2211, 1994
  pubmed

• 7) Yonezawa T, Umemoto S, Fujii A et al:Comparative effects of type 1 angiotensin II-receptor blockade with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor on left ventricular distensibility and collagen metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 27:119-124, 1996
  pubmed

• 8) Sakata Y, Masuyama T, Yamamoto K et al:Angiotensin II type 1 antagonist prevents transition to isolated diastolic heart failure in hypertensive hearts:demonstration of roles of renin-angiotensin system. Circulation 98 (suppl):1-781, 1998

• 9) Sakata Y, Masuyama T, Yamamoto K et al:Angiotensin II receptor blockade does not suppress compensatory hypertrophy but prevent excess hypertrophy contributing to transition to heart failure in hypertensive rats. Am Coll Cardiol 33 (suppl A):284A, 1999 (abstr)

• 10) Doi R, Masuyama T, Yamamoto K et al:Development of different phenotypes of hypertensive heart failure-systolic versus diastolic failure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats-. J Hypertens (in press)

• 11) Williams JF Jr, Bristow MR, Fowler MB et al:Guidelines for the evaluation and management of heart failure:report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines (committee on evaluation and management of heart failure). Circulation 92:2764-2784, 1995

• 12) Booz GW, Baker KM:Role of type 1 and type 2 angiotensin receptors in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. Hypertension 28:635-640, 1996
  pubmed

• 13) Masaki H, Kurihara T, Yamaki A et al:Cardiac-specific overexpression of angiotensin II AT2 receptor causes attenuated response to AT1 receptor-medicated pressor and chronotropic effects. J Clin Invest 101:527-535, 1998
  pubmed

• 14) Bartunek J, Weinberg EO, Tajima M et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor blockade amplifies the early signals of cardiac growth response to angiotensin II in hypertrophied hearts. Circulation 99:22-25, 1999
  pubmed

• 15) Dickstein K, Chang P, Willenheimer R et al:Comparison of the effects of losartan and enalapril on clinical status and exercise performance in patients with moderate or severe chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 26:438-445, 1995
  pubmed

• 16) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study:ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 17) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure:Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for the Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
  pubmed

• 18) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Losartan heart failure survival study-ELITE II. Circulation 100 (suppl I):1-782, 1999

P.234 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Anderson S, Rennke H, Brenner B:Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting Progressive renal disease associated with systemic hypertension in the rat. J Clin Invest 77:1993-2000, 1986

• 2) Lafayette RA, Mayer G, Park SK et al:Angiotensin II receptor blockade limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass. J Clin Invest 90:766-771, 1992

• 3) Taguma Y, Kitamoto Y, Futaki G et al:Effect of captopril on heavy proteinuria in azotemic diabetics. N Engl J Med 313:1617-1620, 1985
  pubmed

• 4) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:for the Collaborative Study Group:The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993

• 5) Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G et al:for the Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Progressive Renal Insufficiency Study Group:Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the profression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 334:939-945, 1996

• 6) The GISEN Group:Randomized placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropahty. Lancet 349:1857-1863, 1997
  pubmed

• 7) Ito S, Carretero OA, Abe K et al:Macula densacontrol of renin release and glomerular hemodynamics. Tohoku J Exp Med 4166:27-39, 1992

• 8) 伊藤貞嘉, 阿部圭志:腎臓におけるATIおよびAT2受容体の機能. 血圧 4:450-453, 1997

• 9) Quan A, Baum M:Endogeneous production of angiotensin II modulates rat proximal tubule transport. J Clin Invest 97:2878-2882, 1996
  pubmed

• 10) Ito S, Arima S, Ren YL et al:Endotheliumderived relaxing factor/nitric oxide modulates angiotensin II action in the isolated microperfused rabbit afferent but not efferentarteriole. J Clin Invest 91:2012-2019, 1993

• 11) Cheng HF, Becker BN, Burns KD etal:Angiotensin II upregulates type-1 angiotensin II receptors in renal proximal tubule. J Clin Invest 95:2012-2019, 1995
  pubmed

• 12) Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C et al:Effect on blood pressure and exploratory behavior of mice lacking angiotensin II type2 receptor. Nature 377:748-750, 1995
  pubmed

• 13) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype 2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J CIin Invest 100:264-269, 1997

• 14) Arima S, Endo Y, Yaoita H et al:Possible role of P-450 metabolite of arachidonic acid in vasodilator mechanism of angiotensin II type2 receptor in the isolated microperfused rabbit afferent arteriole. J Clin Invest 100:2816-2823, 1998

• 15) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype-2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor regulates renal cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate and AT1 receptor-mediated prostaglandin E2 productionin conscious rats. J Clin Invest 97:1978-1982, 1996

• 16) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype 2 angiotensin receptor regulates renal prostaglandin E2 formation in conscious rats, Am J Physiol 273:R11O3-R11O7, 1997
  pubmed

• 17) Siragy HM, Senbonmatsu T, Ishiki T et al:Increased renal vasodilator prostanoids preventhypertension in mice lacking the angiotensin subtype-2 receptor. J Clin Invest 104:181-188, 1999

• 18) Siragy HM, Howell NL, Ragsdale NV et al:Renal interstitial fluid angiotensin modulation by anesthesia, epinephrine, sodium depletion, and renin inhibition, Hypertension 25:1021-1024, 1995
  pubmed

• 19) Seikaly MG, Arant BSJ, Seney FDJ:Endogenous angiotensin concentrations in specific intrarenal fluid compartments of the rat. J Clin Invest 86:1352-1357, 1990

• 20) Correa-Rotter R, Hostertter TH, Manivel JC et al:Renin expression in renal ablation. Hypertension 20:483-490, 1992

• 21) Rosenberg ME, Correa-Rotter R, Inagami T et al:Glomerular renin synthesis and storage in the remnant kidney. Kidney Int 40:677-683, 1991
  pubmed

• 22) Camillieri Jp, Phat VH, Bariety J et al:Use of a specific antiserum for renin detection in human kidney. J Histochem Cytochem 28:1343-1346, 1980

• 23) 伊藤貞嘉:慢性腎不全の進行についての考え方. 内科 84:4-9, 1999

• 24) Kriz W, Gretz N, Lemley KV:Progression of glomerular diseases-Is the podocyte the culprit? Kidney Int 54:687, 1998
  pubmed

• 25) Gloy J, Henger A, Fischer KG et al:Angiotensin II depolarizes poducytes in the intact glomerulus of the rat. J Clin Invest 99:2772-2781, 1997

• 26) Isaka Y, Imai E, Kaneda Y et al:Glomerulosclerosis induced by intrarenal in vivo transfection with PDGF or TGF-β genes. J Clin Invest 92:2597-2601, 1993

• 27) Remuzzi G, Bertani T:Pathophysiology and progressive nephropathies. N Engl J Med 339:1448-1456, 1998
  pubmed

• 28) Klahr S, Morrissey JJ:Comparative study of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists in interstitial Scarring. Kidney Int 52 (suupl 63):S111-S114, 1997

• 29) Keane WF, Raij L:Relationship among altered glomerular barrier permselectivity, angiotensin II, and mesangial uptake of macromolecules. Lab Invest 52:599-604, 1985
  pubmed

• 30) Chobanian MC, Julin CM:Angiotensin II stimulates ammpniagenesis in canine renal proximal tubule segments. Am J Physiol 260:F19-F26, 1991
  pubmed

• 31) Golchini K, Norman J, Bohman R et al:Induction of hypertrophy in cultured proximal tubule cells by extracellular NH4 C1. J Clin Invest 84:1767-1779, 1989

• 32) Nath KA, Hostetter MK, Hostetter TH:Pathophysiology of chronic tubulo-interstitial disease in rats:interaction of dietary acid load, ammonia, and component C3. J Clin Invest 76:667-675, 1985
  pubmed

• 33) Nath KA, Croatt AJ, Hostetter TH:Oxygen consumption and oxidant stress in surviving nephrons. Physiol 258:F1354-F1362, 1990
  pubmed

• 34) Griendling KK, Minieri CA, Ollerenshaw ID et al:Angiotensin II stimulates NADH, NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 74:1141-1148, 1994

• 35) Ibrahim HN, Rosenberg ME, Greene EL et al:Aldosterone is a major factor in the progression of renal disease. Kindey Int 52 (suppl 63):S115-S119, 1997

• 36) Morrison AB:Experimentally induced chronic renal insufficiency in the rat. Lab Invest 11:321-331, 1962
  pubmed

• 37) Quan ZY, Walser M, Hill GS:Adrenalectomy ameliorates ablative nephropathy in the rat independently of corticosterone maintenance level. Kidney Int 41:326-333, 1992
  pubmed

• 38) Greene EL, Kren S, Hostetter TH:Role of aldosterone in the remnant kidney model in therat. J Clin Invest 98:1063-1068, 1996

• 39) Young M, Fullerton M, Dilley R et al:Mineralocorticoids, hypertension and cardiacfibrosis. J Clin Invest 93 2578-2583, 1994

• 40) Kornel L:Colocalization of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and mineralocorticoid receptors in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Hypertens 7:100-103, 1994

• 41) Todd-Turla KM, Schnermann J, Fejes-Toth Get al:Distribution of mineralcorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA along the nephron. Am J Physiol 264:F781-F791, 1993

P.241 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Okunishi H, Miyazaki M, Toda N:Evidence for a putatively new angiotensin II-generating enzyme in the vascular wall. J Hypertens 2:277-284, 1984

• 2) Okunishi H, Miyazaki M, Okamura T et al:Different distribution of two types of angiotensin II-generating enzymes in the aortic wall. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 149:1186-1192, 1987
  pubmed

• 3) Okamura T, Okunishi H, Ayajiki K et al:Conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in dog isolated renal artery:role of two different angiotensin II-generating enzymes. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 15:353-359, 1990
  pubmed

• 4) Okunishi H, Oka Y, Shiota N et al:Marked species-difference in the vascular angiotensin II-forming pathways:humans versus rodents. Jpn J Pharmacol 62:207-210, 1993
  pubmed

• 5) The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997
  pubmed

• 6) Urata H, Kinoshita A, Perez DM et al:Cloning of the gene and cDNA for human heart chymase. J Biol Chem 266:17173-17179, 1991
  pubmed

• 7) Cortes P, Riser BL, Zhao X et al:Glomerular volume expansion and mesangial cell mechanical strain-mediators of glomerular pressure injury-. Kidney Int 45 (suppl):S11-S16, 1994
  pubmed

• 8) Anderson S, Brenner BM:Progressive renal disease:a disorder of adaptation. Q J Med 70:185-189, 1989
  pubmed

• 9) Arendshorst WJ, Navar LG:Renal circulation and glomerular hemodynamics. In:Textbook of Diseases of the Kidney, 4th ed, ed. by Schrier RW, Gottschalk CW, Little Brown, Boston, 1998, pp. 65-117

• 10) de Jong PE, Anderson S, de Zeeuw D:Glomerular preload and afterload reduction as a tool to lower urinary protein leakage:will such treatments also help to improve renal function outcome? J Am Soc Nephrol 3:1333-1341, 1993
  pubmed

• 11) Nakamura T, Obata J, Kimura H et al:Blocking angiotensin II ameliorates proteinuria and glomerular lesions in progressive mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int 55:877-889, 1999
  pubmed

• 12) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993
  pubmed

• 13) Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G et al:Effect of the angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 334:939-945, 1996
  pubmed

• 14) The GISEN Group:Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 349:1857-1863, 1997
  pubmed

• 15) Ichiki T, Labosky PA, Shiota C et al:Effects on blood pressure and exploratory behaviour of mice lacking angiotensin II type-2 receptor. Nature 377:748-750, 1995
  pubmed

• 16) Arima S, Endo Y, Yaoita H et al:Possible role of P-450 metabolite of arachidonic acid in vasodilator mechanism of angiotensin II type 2 receptor in the isolated microperfused rabbit afferent arteriole. J Clin Invest 100:2816-2823, 1997
  pubmed

• 17) Pohl M, Cooper M, Ulrey J et al:Safety and efficacy of irbesartan in hypertensive patients With type II diabetes and proteinuria. Am J Hypertens 10:105A, 1997 (abstr)

• 18) Toto R, Shultz P, Raij L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. Hypertension 31:684-691, 1998
  pubmed

• 19) Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE:Is the antiproteinuric effect of ACE inhibition mediated by interference in the renin-angiotensin system? Kidney Int 45:861-867, 1994
  pubmed

• 20) de Castillo D, Campistol JM, Guirado L et al:Efficacy and safety of losartan in the treatment of hypertension in renal transplant recipients. Kidney Int 54 (suppl):S135-S 139, 1998

• 21) Klahr S, Levey AS, Beck GJ et al:The effects ofdietary protein restriction and blood-pressurecontrol on the progression of chronic renaldisease. N Eng J Med 330:877-884, 1994

• 22) Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM et al:Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. Ann Intern Med 123:754-762, 1995
  pubmed

• 23) 木村玄次郎:腎と高血圧-病態生理からのアプローチ-. 東京医学社, 東京, 1998

• 24) Praga M, Hernandez E, Montoyo C et al:Longterm beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with nephroticproteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis 20:240-248, 1992
  pubmed

• 25) Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE:Longterm benefits of the antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in nondiabetic renal disease. Am J. Kidney Dis 22:202-206, 1993
  pubmed

• 26) Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE:Longterm benefits of the antiproteinuric effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition innondiabetic renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 22:202-206, 1993
  pubmed

• 27) Apperloo AJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE:A short-term antihypertensive treatment-induced fall in glomerular filtration rate predicts long-termstability of renal function. Kidney Int 51:793-797, 1997

• 28) Azizi M, Guyene TT, Chatellier G et al:Additive effects of losartan and enalapril on blood pressure and plasma active renin. Hypertension 2:634-640, 1997
  pubmed

• 29) Russo D, Pisani A, de Nicola L et al:Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibition (CEI) and losartan (LOS) in normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). J Am Soc Nephrol 9:97A, 1998 (abstr)

• 30) Russo D, Pisani A, Balletta MM et al:Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 33:851-856, 1999
  pubmed

P.249 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Warnock DG:Chronic renal failure. In:Cecil Textbook Of Medicine, ed. by Bennett JC, Plum F, WB Sanders, Philadelphia, 1996, pp. 556-563

• 2) Brenner BM:Nephron adaptation to renal injury or ablation. Am J Phisiol 249:F324-F337, 1985

• 3) Okuda S, Oh Y, Tsuruda H et al:Adriamycin-induced nephropathy as a model of chronic progressive glomerular disease. Kidney Int 29:502-510, 1986

• 4) Border WA, Noble NA, Yamamoto T et al:Natural inhibitor of transforming growth factor-β protects against scarring in experimental kidney disease. Nature 630:361-364, 1992

• 5) Kasiske BL, Lalil RS, Ma JZ et al:Effects of antihypertensive therapy on the kidney in patients with diabetes:a meta regression analysis. Ann Intern Med 118:129-138, 1993

• 6) Giatras I, Lau J, Levey AS:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor on progression of nondiabetic renal disease:a meta-analysis of randomised trials. Ann Intern Med 127:337-345, 1997
  pubmed

• 7) Maschio G, Alberti D, Janin G et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitor benazepril on the progression of chronic renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 334:939-945, 1996
  pubmed

• 8) Schmitt F, Natov S, Martinez F et al:Renal effects of angiotensin II receptor blockade and angiotensin convertase inhibition in man. Clin Sci 90:205-213, 1996
  pubmed

• 9) Seldin WD, Carter NW, Rector FC Jr:Consequences of renal failure and their manegement. In:Disease of the Kidnay, ed. by Strauss MB, Welt LG, Little Brown, Boston, 1971, pp. 211-272

• 10) Edwards RM:Segmental effects of norepinephrine and angiotensin II on isolated microvessels. Am J Physiol 244:F526-F534, 1983
  pubmed

• 11) Silver BJ, Jaffer FE, Abboud HE:Platelet-derived growth factor synthesis in mesangial cells:introduction by multiple peptidemitogens. proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:1056-1060, 1989

• 12) Kagami S, Border WA, Miller DE et al:Angiotensin II stimulates extracellular matrix protein synthesis through induction of transforming growth factor-β expression in rat glomerular mesangial cells. J Clin Invest 93:2431-2437, 1994

• 13) Baricos WH, Cortez SL, El-Dahr SS et al:ECM degeneration by cultured human mesangial cells is mediated by a PA/plasmin/MMP-2 cascade. Kidney Int 40:195-202, 1995

• 14) Quan A, Baum M:Regulation of proximal tubule transport by angiotensin II. Semin Nephrol 17:423-430, 1997
  pubmed

• 15) Tanaka R, Kon V, Yoshioka T et al:Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor modulates glomerular function and structure by distinct mechanism. Kidney Int 45:537-543, 1994
  pubmed

• 16) Urata H, Strobel F, Ganten D:Widespread tissue distribution of human chymase. J Hypertens 12 (suppl 9):S17-S22, 1994

• 17) Goldberg MR, Bradstreet TE, McWilliams EJ etal:Biochemical effects of losartan, a nonpeptideangiotensin II receptor antagonist, on the reninangiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 25:37-45, 1995

• 18) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtype-2 (AT2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100:264-269, 1997
  pubmed

• 19) Mayer G, Lafayette RA, Oliver WM et al:Effects of angiotensin n receptor blockade on remnant glomerular permselectivity. Kidney Int 43:346-353, 1993

• 20) Mackenzie HS, Troy JL, Rennke HG:TCV116 prevents progressive renal injury in rats with extensive renal mass ablation. J Hypertens 12 (suppl 9):S11-S16, 1994

• 21) Mackenzie HS, Ots M, Ziai F et al:Angiotensin receptor antagonists in experimental models of chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 52 (suppl 63):S140-S143, 1997

• 22) Lafayette RA, Mayer G, Park SK et al:Angiotensin II receptor blockade limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass. J Clin Invest 90:766-771, 1992

• 23) Perico N, Amuchastegui SC, Colosio G et al:Evidence that an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor has a different effect on glomerular injury according to the different phase of the disease at which the treatment is started. J Am Soc Nephrol 5:1139-1146, 1994

• 24) Verseput GH, Provoost AP, Braam BB et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in the prevention and treatment of chronic renal damage in the hypertensive fawn-hooded rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:249-259, 1997

• 25) Noda M, Matsuo T, Fukuda R et al:Effect of candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116) in rats with chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 56:898-909, 1999
  pubmed

• 26) Campbell DJ, Kladis A, Duncan AM:Effects of converting enzyme inhibitors on angiotensin and bradykinin peptides. Hypertension 23:439-449, 1994
  pubmed

• 27) El-Dahr SS, Dipp S, Yosipiv IV et al:Bradykinin stimulates c-fos expression, AP-1-DNA binding activity and proliferation of rat glomerular mesangial cells. Kidney Int 50:1850-1855, 1996
  pubmed

• 28) Kim SJ, Angel P, Lafyatis R et al:Auto-induction of transforming growth factor beta 1 is mediated by the AP-1 complex. Mol Cell Biol 10:1492-1497, 1990

• 29) Dzau VJ, Muroyama M, Pratt RE:Molecular biology of angiotensin receptor:target for drug research? J Hypertens 12 (suppl 2):S1-S5, 1994

• 30) Ozono R, Wang ZQ, Moore AF et al:Expression of the subtype 2 angiotensin (AT2) receptor protein in rat kidney. Kidney Int 30:1238-1246, 1997

• 31) Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE:Is the antiproteinuric effects of ACE inhibition mediated by interference in the reninangiotensin system? Kidney Int 45:861-867, 1994
  pubmed

• 32) Toto R, Shultz P, Raij L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. Hypertension 31:684-691, 1998
  pubmed

• 33) Plum J, Buten B, Nemeth R et al:Effects of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan on blood pressure, proteinuria, and renal hemodynamics in patients with chronic renal failure and hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 9:2223-2234, 1998

• 34) Fernandez-Andrade C, Russo D, Iversen B et al:Comparison losartan and amlodipine inrenally impaired hypertensive patients. Kidney Int 54 (suppl 68):S120-Sl24, 1998

• 35) Hricik DE, Browning PJ, Kopelman R et al:Captopril-induced functional renal insufficiency in patients with bilateral renal artery Stenosis or renal artery Stenosis in a solitary kidney. N Engl J Med 308:373-376, 1983
  pubmed

• 36) Packer M, Lee WH, Media N et al:Functional renal insufficiency during long-term therapy with captopril and enalapril in severe chronic heart failure. Ann Intern Med 106:346-354, 1987

• 37) Pitt B, Segel R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure:evaluation of losartan in the elderly study, ELITE. Lancet 349:747-752, 1997

• 38) Ostermann M, Goldsmith DJA, Doyle T et al:Reversible acute renal failure induced by losartan in a renal recipient. Postgrad Med J 73:105-107, 1997

• 39) Holm EA, Randlov A, Strandgaard S:Brief report:acute renal failure after losartan treatment in a patients with bilateral renal artery stenosis. Blood Press 5:360-362, 1996

• 40) Johnston CI:Angiotensin receptor antagonist:focus on losartan. Lancet 346:1403-1407, 1995
  pubmed

P.256 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Campese VM, Chanana A:Hypertension in dialysis patients. In:Principles and Practice of Dialysis, ed. by Henrich WL, Williams & Wilkins, Maryland, 1999, pp. 209-234

• 2) Dzau VJ:Tissue renin-angiotensin system in myocardial hypertrophy and failure. Arch Int Med 153:937-942, 1993

• 3) Hand MF, Haynes WG, Johnstone HA et al:Erythropoietin enhances vascular responsiveness to norepinephrine in renal failure. Kidney Int 48:806-813, 1995
  pubmed

• 4) Carlini RG, Dusso AS, Obialo CI et al:Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) increases endothelin-1 release by endothelial cells. Kidney Int 43:1010-1014, 1993
  pubmed

• 5) London GM, Marchais SJ, Safer ME et al:Aortic and large artery compliance in end-stage renal failure. Kidney Int 37:137-142, 1990

• 6) Ross R:The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Nature 362:801-809, 1993
  pubmed

• 7) de Las Heras N, Aragoncillo P, Maeso R et al:AT(1) receptor antagonist reduces endothelial dysfunction and intimal thickening in atherosclerotic rabbits. Hypertension 34:969-975, 1999
  pubmed

• 8) Kakinuma Y, Kawamura T, Bills T et al:Blood pressure-independent effect of angiotensin inhibition on vascular lesions of chronic renal failure. Kidney Int 42:46-55, 1992
  pubmed

• 9) Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F et al:An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half of the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest 86:1343-1346, 1990
  pubmed

• 10) Yoshida H, Mitarai T, Kawamura T et al:Role of the deletion polymorphism of the angiotensin converting enzyme gene in the progression and therapeutic responsiveness of IgA nephropathy. J Clin Invest 96:2162-2169, 1995
  pubmed

• 11) Schmidt A, Kiener HP, Barnas U et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphism in patients with terminal renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:314-317, 1996
  pubmed

• 12) Osono E, Kurihara S, Hayama N et al:Insertion/Deletion polymorphism in intron 16 of the ACE gene and left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with end-stage renal disease. Am J Kidney Dis 32:725-730, 1998
  pubmed

• 13) Wong PC, Price WAJ, Chiu AT et al:Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. XI. Pharmacology of EXP 3174:an active metabolite of DuP 753, an orally active antihypertensive agent. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 255:211-217, 1990

• 14) 多川 斉, 杉本徳一郎, 齋藤 肇ほか:高血圧を伴う血液透析患者におけるMK-954 (losartan potassium) の降圧効果と薬物動態. 臨床透析 11:247-264, 1995

• 15) de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Kirch W:Pharmacokinetics of candesartan cilexetil in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. J Hum Hypertension 13:S37-S42, 1995
  pubmed

• 16) Saracho R, Martin-Malo A, Martinez I et al:Evaluation of the losartan in hemodialysis (ELHE) study. Kidney Int 54:S125-S129, 1998

• 17) Toto R, Shultz P, Raij L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. Hypertension 31:684-691, 1998
  pubmed

• 18) Harnett JD, Foley RN, Parfrey PS:Left ventricular dysfunction in dialysis patients. In:Principles and Practice of Dialysis, ed. by Henrich WL, Williams & Wilkins, Maryland, 1999, pp. 235-245

• 19) Parfrey PS, Harnett JD, Foley RN et al:Impactof renal transplantation on uremic cardiomyopathy. Transplantation 60:908-914, 1995

• 20) Brodsky S, Gurbanov K, Abassi Z et al:Effects of eprosartan on renal function and cardiac hypertrophy in rats with experimental heart failure. Hypertension 32:746-752, 1998
  pubmed

• 21) Parnes EL, Shapiro WB:Anaphylactoid reactions in hemodialysis patients treated with the AN69 dializer. Kidney Int 40:1148-1152, 1991

• 22) Simon P, Potier J, Thebaud HE et al:Risk factors for acute hypersensitivity reactions in hemodialysis. Nephrologie 17:163-170, 1996
  pubmed

P.263 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Christlieb AR, Kaldany A, D:Elia JA:Plasma renin activity and hypertension in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes 25:969-974, 1976
  pubmed

• 2) Tuck M, Sambhi MP, Levin L:Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism in diabetes mellitus:studies of the autonomic nervous system's control of renin release. Diabetes 28:237-241, 1979
  pubmed

• 3) Christlieb AR, Muniohssdappa C, Braaton JT:Decreased response of plasma renin activity to orthostasis in diabetic patients with orthostatic hypotension. Diabetes 23:835-840, 1974

• 4) Katayama S, Lee JB:Hypertension in experimental diabetes mellitus. Renin-prostaglandin interaction. Hypertension 7:554-561, 1985
  pubmed

• 5) Brands MW, Harrison DL, Keen HL et al:Insulin-induced hypertension in rats depends on an Intact renin-angiotensin system. Hypertension 29:1014-1019, 1997

• 6) DeLevia A, Christlieb AR, Melby JC et al:Big renin and biosynthetic defect of aldosterone in diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 295:639-643, 1976
  pubmed

• 7) Luetscher JA, Kraemer FB, Wilson DM et al:Increased plasma inactive renin in diabetes mellitus. A marker of microvascular complications. N Engl J Med 312:1412-1427, 1985
  pubmed

• 8) Daneman D, Crompton CH, Balfe JW et al:Plasma prorenin as an early marker of nephropathy in diabetic (IDDM) adolescents. Kidney Int 46:1154-1159, 1994
  pubmed

• 9) Toop MJ, Dallinger KJ, Jennings PE et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE):relationship to insulin-dependent diabetes and microangiopathy. Diabet Med 3:455-457, 1986
  pubmed

• 10) Sechi LA, Griffin CA, Schambelan M:The cardiac renin-angiotensin system in STZ-induced diabetes. Diabetes 43:1180-1184, 1994
  pubmed

• 11) Strojek K, Grzeszczak W, Lacka B et al:Increased prevalence of salt sensitivity of blood pressure in IDDM with and without microalbuminuria. Diabetologia 38:1443-1448, 1995
  pubmed

• 12)Muhlhauser I, Prange K, Sawicki PT et al:Effect of dietary sodium on blood pressure in IDDM patients with nephropathy. Diabetologia 39:212-219, 1996
  pubmed

• 13) Kennefick TM, Oyama TT, Thompson MM et al:Enhanced renal sensitivity to angiotensinactions in diabetes mellitus in the rat. Am/Physiol 271 (3 Pt 2):F595-F602, 1996

• 14) Allen TJ, Waldron MJ, Casley D et al:Salt restriction reduces hyperfiltration, renal enlargement, and albuminuria in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 46:119-124, 1997

• 15) Folli F, Kahn CR, Hansen H et al:Angiotensin II inhibits insulin signaling in aortic smooth muscle cells at multiple levels. A potential rolefor serine phosphorylation in insulin/angiotensin II crosstalk. J Clin Invest 100:2158-2169, 1997

• 16) Buchanan TA, Thawani H, Kades W et al:Angiotensin H increases glucose utilization during acute hyperinsulinemia via a hemodynamic mechanism. J Clin Invest 92:720-726, 1993

• 17) Pollare T, Lithell H, Berne C:A comparison ofthe effects of hydrochlorothiazide and captoprilon glucose and lipid metabolism in patients withhypertension. N Engl J Med 321:868-873, 1989

• 18) Kodama J, Katayama S, Tanaka K et al:Effectof captopril on glucose concentration. Possiblerole of augmented postprandial forearm bloodflow. Diabetes Care 13:12109-1 1 11, 1990

• 19) Katayama S, Inaba M, Maruno Y et al:Glucoseintolerance in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats:enhanced gene expressionand synthesis of skeletal muscle glucosetransporter 4. J Hypertens Res 20:279-286, 1997

• 20) Chen S, Noguchi Y, Izumida T etal:A comparison of the hypotensive and hypoglycemic actions of an angiotensin convertlng enzyme inhibitor, an AT1a antagonist and troglitazone. J Hypertens 14:1325-1330, 1996
  pubmed

• 21) Paolisso G, Gambardella A, Velza M et al:ACE hibition improves insulin-sensitivity in aged insulin-resistant hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 6:175-177, 1992

• 22) Iimura O, Shimamoto K, Matsuda K et al:Effects of angiotensin receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin sensitivity in fructosefed hypertensive rats and essential hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 8:353-357, 1995
  pubmed

• 23) Paolisso G, Tagliamonte MR, Gambardella A et al:Losartan mediated improvement in insulin action is mainly due to an increase in non-oxidative glucose metabolism and blood flow in insulin-resistant. J Hum Hypertens 11:307-312, 1997

• 24) Moan A, Hoieggen A, Seljeflot I et al:The effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonism with losartan on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. J Hypertens 14:1093-1097, 1996
  pubmed

• 25) Laakso M, Karjalainon L, Lompiainon-Kuosa P:Effects of losartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 28:392-396, 1996

• 26) Jaffa AA, Rust PF, Mayfield RK:Kinin, a mediator of diabetes-induced glomerular hyperfiltration. Diabetes 44:156-160, 1995
  pubmed

• 27) Komers R, Cooper ME:Acute renal hemodynamic effects of ACE inhibition in diabetic hyperfiltration:role of kinins. Am J Physiol 268 (4 Pt 2):F588-F594, 1995

• 28) Vora JP, Oyama TT, Thompson MM et al:Interactions of the kallikrein-kinin and renin-angiotensin system in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 46:107-112, 1997
  pubmed

• 29) Anderson S, Jung FF, Ingelfinger JR et al:Renal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes:functional, immunohistochemical and molecular biological correlations. Am J Physiol 265 (4 Pt 2):F477-F486, 1993

• 30) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993
  pubmed

• 31) The EUCLID Study Group:Randomised placebo-controlled trial of lisinopril in normotensive patients with insulin-dependentdiabetes and normoalbuminuria or micro. albuminuria. Lancet 349:1787-1792, 1997

• 32) Ravid M, Brosh D, Levi Z et al:Use of enaraprilto attenuate decline in renal function in normotensive, normoalbuminuric patients withtype 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med 128 (12 Pt 1):982-988, 1998

• 33) Gansevoort RT, de Zeeuw D, Shahinfar S et al:Effects of the angiotensin II antagonist losartanin hypertensive patients with renal disease. J Hypertens Suppl 12:S37-S42, 1994

• 34) Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM et al:Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. Lancet 351:28-31, 1998
  pubmed

• 35) Malik RA, Williamson S, Abbott C et al:Effectof angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor trandolapril on human diabeticneuropathy:randomised double-blind controlled trial. Lancet 352:1978-1981, 1998

P.268 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Inada Y, Wada T, Shibouta Y et al:Antihypertensive effects of a highly potent and long-acting angiotensin II subtype-1 receptor antagonist, (±)-1-(cyclohexyloxy-carbonyloxy) ethyl 2-ethoxy-1-[[2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) bipheynyl-4-yl]methyl]-1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylate (TCV-116) , in various hypertensive rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 268:1540-1547, 1994

• 2) Wada T, Kanagawa R, Ishimura Y et al:Role of angiotensin II in cerebrovascular and renal damages in deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 13:113-122, 1995
  pubmed

• 3) Ganguly A, Dowdy AJ, Luetscher JA et al:Anomalous postural response of plasma aldosterone concentration in patients with aldosterone-producing adrenal adenoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 36:401-404, 1973
  pubmed

• 4) Tanabe A, Naruse M, Arai K et al:Gene expression and roles of angiotensin H type l and type 2 receptors in human adrenals. Horm Metab Res 30:490-495, 1998

• 5) Irony I, Kater CE, Biglieri EG et al:Correctable subsets of primary aldosteronism. Primary adrenal hyperplasia and renin responsive adenoma. Am J Hypertens 3:576-582, 1990
  pubmed

• 6) Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M et al:Hereditary hypertension caused by chimaeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase. Nat Genet 2:66-74, 1992
  pubmed

• 7) Bartter FC, Pronove P, Gill JR et al:Hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular complex with hyper-aldosteronism and hypokalemic alkalosis. Am J Med 33:811-828, 1962

• 8) Gitelman HJ, Graham JB, Welt LG:A new familial disorder characterized by hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia. Trans Assoc Am Phys 79:221-235, 1966
  pubmed

• 9) Shimoyama R:Reversal of altered vascular responsiveness in Bartter's syndrome by indomethacin treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:908-911, 1980
  pubmed

• 10) Simon DB, Lifton RP:The molecular basis of inherited hypokalemic alkalosis:Bartter's and Gitelman's syndromes. Am J Physiol 271:F961-F966, 1996

• 11) Yoshida H, Kakuchi J, Yoshikawa N et al:Angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene abnormality in a patient with Bartter's syndrome. Kidney Int 46:1505-1509, 1994

• 12) Saruta T:Mechanism of glucocorticoid-induced hypertension. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 19:1-8, 1996

• 13) Saruta T, Suzuki H, Handa M et al:Multiple factors contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension in Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:275-279, 1986

• 14) Sato A, Suzuki H, Murakami M et al:Glucocorticoid increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor and its gene expression. Hypertension 23:25-30, 1994
  pubmed

• 15) Richards AM, Nicholls MG, Espiner EA et al:Arterial pressure and hormone relationships in phaeochromocytoma. J Hypertens 1:373-379, 1983
  pubmed

• 16) van Hoogdalem P, Donker AJM, Brentjens JRH et al:Partial correction of hypertension by angiotensin II blockade in a patient with phaeochromocytoma. Acta Med Scand 201:395-399, 1977

• 17) Ogihara T, Hata T, Nakamaru M et al:Decreased blood pressure in response to an angiotensin n antagonist in Addison:s disease. Clin Endocrinol 10:377-381, 1979

• 18) Fraser R, Davies DL, Connell JM:Hormones and hypertension. Clin Endocrinol 31:701-746, 1989
  pubmed

• 19) Ogihara T, Hata T, Maruyama A et al:Bloodpressure response to an angiotensin II antagonistin thyrotoxic patients with and without highblood pressure. Endocrinol Jpn 27:223-227, 1980

• 20) Kobori H, Ichihara A, Suzuki H et al:Role of the renin-angiotensin system in cardiachypertrophy induced in rats by hyperthyroidism. Am J Physiol 273:H593-H599, 1997

• 21) Fletcher AK, Weetman AP:Hypertension andhypothyroidism. J Hum Hypertens 12:79-82, 1998
  pubmed

• 22) Gomberg-Maitland M, Frishman WH:Recombinant growth hormone:a new cardiovascular drug therapy. Am Heart J 132:1244-1262, 1996
  pubmed

• 23) Ogihara T, Hata T, Maruyama A et al:Blood Pressure response to an angiotensin H antagonistin patients with acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 48:159-162, 1979

• 24) Robertson PW, Klidjian A, Harding LK et al:Hypertension due to a renin-secreting renal tumor. Am J Med 43:963-966, 1967
  pubmed

• 25) Kihara I, Kitamura S, Hoshino T et al:A hitherto unreported vascular tumor of the kidney:a proposal of "juxtaglomerular cell tumor". Acta Pathol Jpn 18:197-206, 1968
  pubmed

• 26) Baruch D, Corvol P, Alhenc-Gelas F et al:Diagnosis and treatment of renin-secreting tumors. Report of three cases. Hypertension 6:760-766, 1984
  pubmed

• 27) Anderson PW, Macaulay L, Do YS:Extrarenal renin-secreting tumors:insights into hypertension and ovarian renin production. Medicine 68:257-268, 1989
  pubmed

P.274 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Hulthen UL, Cao Z, Rumble JR et al:Vascular hypertrophy and albumin permeability in a rat model combining hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Effects of calcium antagonism, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition, and angiotensin U-ATI receptor blockade. Am J Hypertens 9:895-901, 1996

• 2) Kim S, Wanibuchi H, Hamaguchi A et al:Angiotensin blockade improves cardiac and renal complications of type II diabetic rats. Hypertension 30:1054-1061, 1997
  pubmed

• 3) Chan JC, Critchley JA, Tomlinson B et al:Antihypertensive and anti-albuminuric effects of losartan potassium and felodipine in Chinese elderly hypertensive patients with or without non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Nephrol 17:72-80, 1997
  pubmed

• 4) Pohl M, Cooper M, Ulrey J et al:Safety and efficacy of irbesartan in hypertensive patients with type n diabetes and proteinuria. Am J Hypertens 10:105A, 1997 (abstr)

• 5) Iimura O, Shimamoto K, Matsuda K et al:Effects of angiotensin receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed hypertensive rats and essential hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 8:353-357, 1995
  pubmed

• 6) Moan A, Risanger T, Eide I et al:The effect of angiotensin H receptor blockade on insulin sensitivity and sympathetic nervous system activity in primary hypertension. Blood Press 3:185-188, 1994

• 7) Uehara Y, Hirawa N, Kawabata Y et al:Angiotensin n subtype-1 receptor antagonists improve hemodynamic and renal changes without affecting glucose metabolism in genetic rat model of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Am J Hypertens 12:21-27, 1999
  pubmed

• 8) Trenkwalder P:Effects of candesartan cilexetil on glucose homeostasis. Multicenter study group. Basic Res Cardiol 93 (suppl 2):140-144, 1998

• 9) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan inthe Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997

• 10) Sechi LA, Griffin CA, Sthambelan M et al:Thecardiac renin-angiotensin system in STZinduced diabetes. Diabetes 43:1180-1184, 1994

• 11) Maxfield EK, Love A, Cotter MA et al:Nerve function and regeneration in diabetic rats:effects of ZD-7155, an ATI receptor antagonist. Am J Physiol 269:E530-E537, 1995

• 12) Ottlecz A, Bensaoula T:Captopril amelioratesthe decreased Na+, K (+)-ATPase activity in the retina of streptozotocin-induced diabeticrats. 1nvest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 37:1633-1641, 1996

• 13) Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM et al:Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathyin normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet 351:28-31, 1998

• 14) Kedziora-Kornatowska K:Effect of angiotensin convertase inhibitors and ATI angiotensinreceptor antagonists on the development of oxidative stress in the kidney of diabetic rats. Clin Chim Acta 287:19-27, 1999

• 15) Kato S, Luyckx VA, Ots M etal:Renin-angiotensin blockade lowers MCP-1 expressionin diabetic rats. Kidney Int 56:1037-1048, 1999

• 16) Singh R, Alavi N, Singh AK et al:Role of angiotensin II in glucose-induced inhibition of mesangial matrix degradation. Diabetes 48:2066-2073, 1999
  pubmed

P.280 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Berne C, Pollare T, Lithell H:Effects of antihypertensive treatment on insulin sensitivity with special reference to ACE inhibitors. Diabetes Care 14 (suppl 4):39-47, 1991

• 2) Navarro-Cid J, Maeso R, Perez-Vizcaino F et al:Effects of losartan on blood pressure, metabolic alterations, and vascular reactivity in the fructose-induced hypertensive rat. Hypertension 26 (6 Pt 2):1074-1078, 1995

• 3) Iimura O, Shimamoto K, Matsuda K et al:Effects of angiotensin receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin sensitivity in fructose-fed hypertensive rats and essential hypertensives. Am J Hypertens 8 (4 Pt 1):353-357, 1995

• 4) Moan A, Hoieggen A, Nordby G et al:Effects of losartan On insulin Sensitivity in severe hypertension:connections through sympathetic nervous system activity? J Hum Hypertens 9 (suppl 5):S45-S50, 1995

• 5) Moan A, Hoieggen A, Seljeflot I et al:The effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonism with losartan on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. J Hypertens 14:1093-1097, 1996
  pubmed

• 6) Fogari R, Zoppi A, Lazzari P etal:ACE inhibition but not angiotensin II antagonism reduces plasma fibrinogen and insulin resistance in overweight hypertensive patients. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 32:616-620, 1998

• 7) Laakso M, Karjalainen L, Lempiainen--Kuosa P:Effects of losartan on insulin sensitivity in hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 28:392-396, 1996
  pubmed

• 8) de Pablos Velasco PL, Martinez Martin FJ:Effects of Losartan and Diltiazem on Blood Pressure, Insulin Sensitivity, Lipid Profile and Microalbuminuria in Hypertensive Type2 Diabetic Patients. Clin Drug Invest 16:361-370, 1998

• 9) Ogihara T, Yoshinaga K:The clinical efficacy and tolerability of the angiotensin II-receptor antagonist losartan in Japanese patients with hypertension. Blood Press Supppl 2:78-81, 1996

• 10) Forsblom C, Trenkwalder P, Dahl K et al:Candesartan cilexetil, a novel angiotensin II antagonist reduces microalbuminuria in patients with type II diabetes mellitus and mild hypertension. Am J Hypertens 10 (4 Part2):86A, 1997

• 11) Trenkwalder P, Dahl K, Lehtovirta M et al:Antihypertensive treatment with candesartan cilexetil does not affect glucose homeostasis or serum lipid profile in patients with mild hypertension and type E diabetes. Blood Press 7:170-175, 1998

• 12) Fang TC, Huang WC:Angiotensin receptor blockade blunts hyperinsulinemia-induced hypertension in rats. Hypertension 32:235-242, 1998
  pubmed

• 13) Hoenack C, Roesen P:Inhibition of angiotensin type 1 receptor prevents decline of glucose transporter (GLUT4) in diabetic rat heart. Diabetes 45 (suppl 1):S82-S87, 1996

• 14) 柊山幸志郎, 荒川規矩男, 藤島正敏:本態性高血圧症患者における MK-954 (losartan potassium) の糖・脂質代謝に及ぼす影響. 臨床医薬 10 (suppl 6):141-156, 1994 (1997改訂)

• 15) Lerch M, Teuscher AU, Beissner P et al:Effects of angiotensin II-receptor blockade with losartan on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and endothelin in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 31:576-580, 1998
  pubmed

• 16) Nakagawa H, Daihara M, Tamakawa H et al:Effects of quinapril and losartan on insulin sensitivity in genetic hypertensive rats with different metabolic abnormalities. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 34:28-33, 1999
  pubmed

• 17) Berkenboom G, Langer I, Carpentier Y et al:Ramipril prevents endothelial dysfunction induced by oxidized low-density lipoproteins:a bradykinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 30 (3 Pt 1):371-376, 1997

• 18) Fennessy PA, Campbell JH, Mendelsohn FA etal:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitorsand atherosclerosis:relevance of animal models to human disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 23:S30-S32, 1996

• 19) Nielsen S, Dollerup J, Nielsen B et al:Losartan reduces albuminuria in patients with essential hypertension. An enalapril controlled 3 monthsstudy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 12 (suppl 2):19-23, 1997

• 20) van der Meulen J, Cleophas TJ, Zwinderman AH et al:Replacement of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors by angiotensin-II-receptor antagonists in hypertensive patientswith type n diabetes mellitus:metabolic andhemodynamic consequences. Am J Ther 6:123-127, 1999

• 21) Keidar S:Angiotensin, LdL peroxidation andatherosclerosis. Life Sci 63:1-11, 1998

• 22) Keidar S, Attias J, Smith J et al:The angiotensin-II receptor antagonist, losartan, inhibits LDL lipid peroxidation and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 236:622-625, 1997
  pubmed

• 23) Keidar S, Attias J, Heinrich R et al:Angiotensin II atherogenicity in apolipoprotein E deficientmice is associated with increased cellularcholesterol biosynthesis. Atherosclerosis 146:249-257, 1999

• 24) Medina R, Cardona-Sanclemente LE, Born GVet al:Effect of captopril and losartan on blood pressure and accumulation of LDL and fibrinogen by aortic wall and other tissues in normotensive and hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 29:125-129, 1997

• 25) Morawietz H, Rueckschloss U, Niemann B et al:Angiotensin II induces LOX-1, the humanendothelial receptor for oxidized low-densitylipoprotein. Circulation 100:899-902, 1999

• 26) Li DY, Zhang YC, Philips MI et al:Upregulation of endothelial receptor foroxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) incultured human coronary artery endothelialcells by angiotensin H type 1 receptoractivation. Circ Res8 4:1043-1049, 1999

P.284 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Hamet P:Metabolic aspects. In:Hypeitension, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1983, pp. 408-427

• 2) Breckenridge A:Hypertension and hyper-uricaemia. Lancet i:15-18, 1966

• 3) Ramsay LE:Hyperuricaemia in hypertension. Role of alcohol. BMJ i:653-654, 1979

• 4) Saito I, Saruta T, Kondo K et al:Serum uric acid and the renin-angiotensin system in hypertension. J Am Geriat Soc 26:241-247, 1978
  pubmed

• 5) Messerli F, Frohlich ED, Dreslinski GR et al:Serum uric acid in essential hypertension:an indicator of renal vascular involvement. Ann Intern Med 93:817-821, 1980
  pubmed

• 6) Modan M, Halkin H, Karasik A et al:Elevated serum uric acid-a facet of hyperinsulinaemia. Diabetologia 30:713-718, 1987
  pubmed

• 7) Muscelli E, Natali A, Bianchi S et al:Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 9:746-752, 1996
  pubmed

• 8) Alderman MH, Cohen H, Madhavan S et al:Serum uric acid and cardiovascular events in successfully treated hypertensive patients. Hypertension 34:144-150, 1999
  pubmed

• 9) Culleton BF, Larson MG, Kannel WB et al:Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death:the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 131:7-13, 1999
  pubmed

• 10) Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Gunter EW et al:Relation of serum uric acid to mortality and ischaemic heart disease:the NHANES l epidemiologic follow-up study. Am J Epidemiol 141:637-644, 1995

• 11) Ward HJ:Uric acid as an independent risk factor in the treatment of hypertension. Lancet 352:670-671, 1998
  pubmed

• 12) Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Vandongen R:Regular alcohol use raises blood pressure in treated hypertensive subjects. A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1:647-651, 1987
  pubmed

• 13) Parker M, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ et al:Two-way factorial study of alcohol and salt restriction in treated hypertensive men. Hypertension 16:398-406, 1990
  pubmed

• 14) Stamler R, Stamler J, Grimm R et al:Nutritional therapy for high blood pressure. J AMA 257:1484-1491, 1987

• 15) The Sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997
  pubmed

• 16) Guidelines Subcommittee:1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypeitens 17:151-184, 1999
  pubmed

• 17) 厚生省, 日本医師会:合併症を伴う高血圧の治療. 高血圧診療のてびき, 日本醫事新報社, 東京, 1989, pp. 40-45

• 18) Saito I, Misumi J, Kondo K et al:Effects of furosemide and cholorothiazide on blood pressure and plasma renin activity. Caraiovasc Res 10:149-152, 1976

• 19) Neutel JM:Metabolic manifestations of low-dose diuretics. Am J Med 101 (suppl 3A):71s-82s, 1996

• 20) Report of Medical Research Council Working Party on Mild to Moderate Hypertension:Adverse reactions to bendrofluazide and propranolol for the treatment of mild hypertension. Lancet 2:539-543, 1981

• 21) 齊藤郁夫, 河邊博史, 猿田享男ほか:Ca拮抗薬, ACE阻害薬, β遮断薬による降圧療法の効果. 日本醫事新報 3683:27-31, 1994

• 22) Tsunoda K, Abe K, Hagino T et al:Hypotensiveeffect of losartan, a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 6:28-32, 1993

• 23) Puig JG, Mateos F, Buno A et al:Effect of eprosartan and losartan on uric acid metabolism in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 17:1033-1040, 1999
  pubmed

• 24) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality inhypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999

• 25) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999
  pubmed

• 26) Ramsay LE, Williams B, Johnston GD et al:Guidelines for management of hypertension:report of the third working party of the British Hypertension Society. J Hum Hypertens 13:569-592, 1999

• 27) Puig JG, Ruilope LM:Uric acid as a cardiovascular risk factor in arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 17:869-872, 1999
  pubmed

P.291 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 槙野博史:糖尿病性腎症の形態学的解明-糖尿病性腎症における蛋白尿の機序. 糖尿病性腎症-発症・進展機序と治療, I. 糖尿病性腎症の基礎, 槙野博史編, 診断と治療社, 東京, 1999, pp. 53-60

• 2) 槙野博史:糖尿病性腎症はなぜ進行するのか. 糖尿病学の進歩 第32集, 日本糖尿病学会編, 診断と治療社, 東京, 1998, pp. 128-135

• 3) Sugimoto H, Shikata K, Hirata K et al:Increased expression of endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase (ecNOS) in afferent and glomerular endothelial cell is involved in NO overproduction and glomerular hyperfiltration of diabetic nephropathy-Visualization of dilated afferent arteriole and (ecNOS) overexpression in diabetic rats. Diabetologia 41:1426-1434, 1998

• 4) Makino H, Shikata K, Hironaka K et al:Ultrastracture of non-enzymatically glycated mesangial matrix in diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 48:517-526, 1995

• 5) Ishii H, Jirousek MR, Koya D et al:Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in diabetic rats by an oral PKC β inhibitor. Science 272:728-731, 1996

• 6) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 38). Br Med 1317:703-713, 1998

• 7) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993

• 8) Matsusaka T, Hymes J, Ichikawa I:Angiotensin in progressive renal disease:theory and practice. J Am Soc Nephro J 7:2025-2043, 1996

• 9) Anderson S, Jung FF, Ingelfinger JR:Renal renin-angiotensin system in diabetes:functional, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological correlations. Am J Physiol 265:F477-F486, 1993
  pubmed

• 10) Price DA, Porter LE, Gordon M et al:The paradox of the low-renin state in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 10:2382-2391, 1999

• 11) Yo Y, Morishita R, Yamamoto K et al:Actions of hepatocyte growth factor as a local modulator in the kidney:potential role in pathogenesis of renal disease. Kidney Int 53:50-58, 1998
  pubmed

• 12) Kato S, Luyckx VA, Ots M etal:Renin-angiotensin blockade lowers MCP-1 expression in diabetic rats. Kidney Int 56:1037-1048, 1999
  pubmed

• 13) Okamoto K, Kashihara K, Sugiyama H et al:Supression of glomerular and renal hypertrophy in diabetes induced in angiotensin type 1a receptor deficient mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 7:1764, 1996 (abstr)

• 14) 岡本一徳, 山崎康司, 槇野博史:糖尿病性腎症進展へのアンギオテンシンII受容体の関与. 分子糖尿病学の進歩-基礎から臨床まで 第33集, 日本糖尿病学会編, 診断と治療社, 東京, 1999, pp. 151-158

• 15) Miyata N, Park F, Li XF et al:Distribution of angiotensin AT1 and AT2 receptor subtypes in the rat kidney. Am J Physiol 277:F437-F446, 1999
  pubmed

• 16) 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension:Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151-183, 1999
  pubmed

• 17) Giatras I, Lau J, Levey AS:Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on the progression of nondiabetic renal disease:a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibition and Progressive Renal Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 127:337-345, 1997

• 18) Muirhead N et al:Valsartan (Dinovan):effect on microalbuminuria in patients with type II diabetes and nephropathy. Abstracts of original contributions to be presented at the American College of Cardiology 48th Annual Scientific Session, March 7-10, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1999

• 19) Russo D, Pisani A, Balletta MM et al:Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis 33:851-856, 1999
  pubmed

• 20) Hebert LA, Falkenhain ME, Nahman Jr NS et al:Combination ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 19:1-6, 1999

P.297 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS:Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systolic hypertension. am J Cardiol 75:793-795, 1995

• 2) Giovannetti R, Corso CE, Galeone F et al:Efficacy and safety of losartan in hypertensive patients with side effects induced by other antihypertensive agents. Curr Therapeutic Research 58:851-858, 1997

• 3) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure. Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 4) Lacourciere Y, Lefebvre J, Nakhle G et al:Association between cough and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors versus angiotensin II antagonists:the design of a prospective, controlled study. J Hypertens 12:1387-1393, 1994

• 5) Bosch X:Losartan-induced hepatotoxicity. JAMA 278:1572, 1997 (letter)
  pubmed

• 6) Mazzolai L, Burnier M:Comparative safety and tolerability of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Drug Saf 21:23-33, 1999
  pubmed

• 7) Acker CG, Greenberg A:Angioedema inducedby the angiotensin H blocker losartan. N Engl J Med 333:1572, 1995 (letter)

• 8) Nygaard B, Strandgaard S:Marked hepatotoxicity associated with losartan treatment. Blood Press 5:190-191, 1996
  pubmed

• 9) Sharma PK, Yium JJ:Angioedema associatedwith angiotensin n receptor antagonist losartan. South Med J 90:552-553, 1997

• 10) Cha YJ, Pearson VE:Angioedema due tolosartan. Ann Pharmacother 33:936-938, 1999
  pubmed

• 11) van Rijnsoever EW, Kwee-Zuiderwijk WJM, Feenstra J:Angioneurotic edema attributed tothe use of losartan. Arch Intern Med 158:2063-2065, 1998

• 12) Frye CB, Pettigrew TJ:Angioedema and photosensitive rash induced by valsartan. Pharmacotherapy 18:866-888, 1998
  pubmed

• 13) Mann RD:Losartan:astudy of pharmacovigilance data on 14522 patients. J Hum Hypertens 13:551, 1999

P.304 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Guidelines Subcommittee:1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151-182, 1999
  pubmed

• 2) The Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, The National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee:The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997

• 3) Schoenberger JA for the Losartan Research Group:Losartan with hydrochlorothiazide in the treatment of hypertension. J Hypertens 13 (suppl 1):S43-S47, 1995

• 4) Dunlay MC, Fitzpatrick V, Chrysant S et al:Losartan potassium as initial therapy in patients with severe hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 9:861-867, 1995
  pubmed

• 5) 吉永 馨, 石井當男, 飯村 攻ほか:MK-954 (losartan potassium) の重症高血圧に対する臨床的有用性の検討. 臨床医薬 10 (supp16):S123-S140, 1994

• 6) MacKay JH, Arcuri KE, Goldberg AL et al:Losartan and low-dose hydrochlorothiazide in patients with essential hypertension. A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of concommitant administration compared with individual components. Arch Intern Med 156:278-285, 1996

• 7) Soffer BA, Wright JT Jr, Pratt JH et al:Effects of losartan on a back-ground of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertesion. Hypertension 26:112-117, 1995

• 8) 吉永 馨, 阿部圭志, 飯村 攻ほか:本態性高血圧症に対するMK-954 (losartan potassium) の後期第II相オープン試験-利尿薬併用療法-. 臨床医薬 10 (suppl 6):S79-S101, 1994

• 9) Ruff D, Gazdick LP, Beramn R et al:Comparative effects of combination drug therapy regimens commencing with either losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, or enalapril maleate for the treatment of severe hypertension. J Hypertens 14:263-270, 1996
  pubmed

• 10) Philipp T, Letzel H, Arens HJ et al:Dosefinding study of candesartan cilexetil and hydrochlorothiazide in combination in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Am J Hypertens 10 (4 part 2):S181, 1997 (abstr).

• 11) Plouin PF, Reti E, Magin SG et al:Efficacy and safety of candesartan cilexetil in combinationwith hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) in thetreatment of patients with mild to, oderate hypertension unresponsive to HCTZ alone. Am J Hypertens 10 (4 part 2):S90, 1997 (abstr)

• 12) Black H, Graff A, Glazer R et al:Vaklsartan (Diovan) in combination with hydrochlorothiazide:dose-responsive efficacy and reduced incidence of diuretic-induced hypokalemia. Monte-Carlo'99 A II International forum on angiotensin II receptor antagonism, 1999, p. 27 (abstr)

• 13) Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS:Safetyand tolerability of losartan potassium, anangiotensin II receptor antagonist, comparedwith hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 75:793-796, 1995

• 14) Doig JK, MacFadyen RJ, Sweet CS et al:Haemodynamic and renal responses to oral losartan potassium during salt depletion or saltrepletion in normal human volunteers. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 25:511-517, 1995
  pubmed

• 15) McCrea JB, Lo MW, Tomasko L et al:Absenceof a pharmacokinetic interaction between losartan and hydrochlorothiazide. J Clin Pharmacol 35:1200-1206, 1995

• 16) Jonkman JHG, van Lier JJ, van Heiningen PNMet al:Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with candesartan cilexetil. J Hum Hypertens 11 (suppl 2):S31-S35, 1997

• 17) Brunner HR:The new angiotensin II receptorantagonist, irbesartan, Pharmacokinetic andpharmacodynamic considerations. Am J Hypertens 10:(12 part 2):S311-S317, 1997

• 18) Farsang C, Korhaz SI for the MC Study Group:Antihypertensive effects and tolerabilityof candesartan cilexetil, amlodipine and their combination. Am J Hypertens 10 (4 part 2):S80, 1997 (abstr)

• 19) Azizi M, Chatellier G, Guyene TT et al:Additive effects of combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin II antagonism on blood pressure and renin release in sodium-depleted normotensives. Circulation 92:825-834, 1995
  pubmed

• 20) Azizi M, Guyene TT, Chatellier G et al:Additive effects of losartan and enalapril on blood pressure and plasma active renin. Hypertension 29:634-640, 1997
  pubmed

• 21) Vigimaa M, Siim K:Long-term antihypertensive efficacy and safety of losartan-enalapril combination in patients with mild to moderate hypertension, Monte-Carlo'99 A II International forum on angiotensin II receptor antagonism, 1999, p. 26 (abstr)

• 22) Nedogoda S, Ptrov V:Enalapril, losartan and the combined treatment at hypertension. J Hypertens 14 (suppl 1):S224, 1996 (abstr)

• 23) Nedogoda S:Blood pressure control with combined angiotensin-II (AT) receptor blockade and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition:The influence of different ACE inhibitors. Monte-Carlo'99 A II International forum on angiotensin II receptor antagonism, 1999, p. 32 (abstr)

• 24) McIntyre M, Caffe SE, Michalak RA et al:Losartan, an orally active angiotensin (AT1) receptor antagonist:a review of its efficacy and safety in essential hypertension. Pharmacol Ther 74:181-194, 1997
  pubmed

• 25) Pitt B, Siegel R, Martinez FA et al:on begalf of ELITE Study Investigators:Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997

• 26) Mann RD, Mackay F, Pearce G et al:Losartan:a study of pharmacovigilance data on 14522 patients. J Hum Hypertens 13:551-557, 1999

• 27) De Smet M, Schoors DF, De Myer G et al:Effect of multiple doses of losartan on the pharmacokinetics of single doses of digoxin in healthy volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 40:571-575, 1995

• 28) 安保泰宏, 森 紳, 横井博厚ほか:慢性心不全患者におけるCandesartan Cilexetil (TCV-116) の薬物動態の検討. 新薬と臨床 45:1662-1668, 1997

• 29) Hamroff G, Katz SD, Mancini D et al:Addition of angiotensin II receptor blockade to maximal angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition improves exercise capacity in patients with severe congestive heart failure. Circulation 99:990-992, 1999
  pubmed

• 30) The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure. Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Disfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999

• 31) Russo D, Pisani A, Balletta MM et al:Additive antiproteinuric effect of converting enzyme inhibitor and losartan in normotensive patients with IgA nephropathy. Am J Kid Dis 33:851-856, 1999
  pubmed

• 32) Herbert LA, Falkenhain ME, Nahman NS Jr et al:Combination ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor antagonist therapy in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 19:1-6, 1999

• 33) Kong AN, Tomasko L, Waldman SA et al:Losartan does not affect the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of warfarin. J CIin Pharmacol 35:1008-1015, 1995
  pubmed

• 34) Goldberg MR, Lo MW, Bradstreet TE et al:Effects of cimetidine on pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of losartan, and ATI-selective non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 45:115-119, 1995

• 35) Calvo C, Gude F, Mosquera A et al:Combined treatment with irbesartan and atorvastatin improves endothelial dysfunction in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Monte-Carlo'99 A II International forum on angiotensin II receptor antagonism. 1999, P. 19 (abstr)

• 36) Meadowcroft AM, Williamson KM, Patterson JH et al:The effects of fluvastatin, a CYP2C9 inhibitor, on losartan pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 39:418-424, 1999
  pubmed

• 37) Conlin PR, Gazdick L, Dempoulos L et al:A multicenter study of the effects of indomethacin on the antihypertensive response to losartan versus captopril in patients with essential hypertension. Monte-Carlo'99 A II International forum on angiotensin II receptor antagonism. 1999, p. 34 (abstr)

• 38) Olsen ME, Thomsen T, Hassager C et al:Hemodynamic and remal effects of indomethacin in losartan-treated hypertensive individuals. Am J Hypertens 12:209-216, 1999

• 39) del Castillo D, Campistol JM, Guirado L et al:Efficacy and safety of losartan in the treatment of hypertension in renal transplant recipients. Kid Int 54:(suppl 68):S135-S139, 1998

• 40) Blanche P, Raynaud E, Kerob D et al:Lithium intoxication in an elderly patient after combined treatment with losartan. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52:501, 1997

• 41) Williamson KM, Patterson H, McQueen RH et al:Effects of erythromycin and rifampin on losartan pharmacokinetics in health voluntees. Clin Pharmacol 71her 63:316-323, 1998

• 42) Kaukonen KM, Olkkola KT, Neuvonen PJ:Fluconazole but not itoraconazole decreases the metabolism of losartan to E-3174. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 53:445-449, 1998
  pubmed

P.312 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Spitzer WO, Dobson AJ, Hall J et al:Measuring the quality of life of cancer patients. A concise QL-index for use by physicians. J Chronic Dis 34:585-597, 1981
  pubmed

• 2) Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD et al:Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions. JAMA 262:907-913, 1989
  pubmed

• 3) Jachuck SJ, Brierley H, Jachuck S et al:The effect of hypotensive drugs on the quality of life. J R Coll Gen Pract 32:103-105, 1982
  pubmed

• 4) Levine S, Croog SH:What constitutes quality of life? In:Assessment of Quality of life in clinical trials of cardiovascular therapy. Le Jacq Publishing, New York, 1986, p. 46

• 5) Croog SE, Levine S, Testa MA et al:The effects of antihypertensive therapy on the quality of life. New Engl J Med 314:1657-1664, 1986

• 6) Beto JA, Bansal VK:Quality of life in treatment of hypertension. A metaanalysis of clinicaltrials. J ertens 5:125-133, 1992

• 7) Hjemdahl P, Wiklund IK:Quality of life onantihypertensive drug therapy:scientific end-point or marketing exercise? J Hypertens 10:1437-1446, 1992
  pubmed

• 8) Weir MR, Elkins M, Liss C et al:Efficacy, tolerability, and quality of life of losartan, aloneor with hydrochlorothiazide, versus nifedipine GITS in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 18:411-428, 1996

• 9) Oparil S, Barr E, Elkins M et al:Efficacy, tolerability, and effects on quality of life of losartan, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, versus amlodipine, alone or with hydrochlorothiazide, in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Ther 18:608-625, 1996

• 10) Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Carney S et al:Mainresults of the losartan versus amlodipine (LOA) study on drug tolerability and psychologicalgeneral well-being. LOA Study Group. J Hypertens 15:1327-1335, 1997

• 11) Warner Jg Jr, Metzger DC, Kitzman DW et al:Losartan improves exercise tolerance inpatients with diastolic dysfunction and ahypertensive response to exercise. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1567-1572, 1999

• 12) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomisedtrial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan inthe Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997

P.316 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Mancia J, Seg R, Milesi C et al:Blood pressure control in the hypertensive population. Lancet 349:454-457, 1997

• 2) Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:The Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997
  pubmed

• 3) Hynes RB, Mattson ME, Chobanian AV et al:Management of patient compliance in the treatment of hypertension. Report of the NHLBI working group. Hypertension 4:415-423, 1982

• 4) Girvin B, Johnston GD:The implications of noncompliance with antihypertensive medication. Drugs 52:186-195, 1996
  pubmed

• 5) Vaur L, Vaisse B, Genes N etal:Use of electronic pill boxes to assess risk of poor treatment compliance:results of a large-scale trial. Am J Hypertens 12:374-380, 1999
  pubmed

• 6) Waeber B, Vetter W, Darioli R et al:Improved blood pressure control by monitoring compliance with antihypertensive therapy. Int J Clin Pract 53:37-38, 1999
  pubmed

• 7) Waeber B, Leonetti G, Kolloch R et al:Compliance with aspirin or placebo in the hypertension optimal treatment (HOT) study. J Hypertens 17:1041-1045, 1999
  pubmed

• 8) Toyoshima H, Takahashi K, Akera T:The impact of side effects on hypertension management:a Japanese survey. Clin Ther 19:1458-1469, 1997

• 9) Jones JK, Gorkin L, Lian JF et al:Discontinuationof and changes in treatment after start of new courses of antihypertensive drugs:a study of a United Kingdom population. BMJ 311:293-295, 1995
  pubmed

• 10) Saito I, Kawabe H, Saruta T:A multicentercomparative study of nifedipine slow release, enalapril, and atenolol as monotherapy inessential hypertension:results after 54 months of treatment. In:Nifedipine Quarter Century Symposium, ed by Taira N et al, Excerpt Medica, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 75-81

• 11) Bloom SB:Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after 1 year of therapy. Clin Ther 20:671-681, 1998

• 12) Guidelines Subcommittee:1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the management of hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151-184, 1999
  pubmed

• 13) 芦田映直:高血圧患者のQOLとコンプライアンス. 医学のあゆみ189:694-698, 1999

• 14) Testa MA, Simonson D:Assessment of qualityof-life outcomes. N Engl J Med 334:835-840, 1996

[5] 将来展望編

P.321 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Guidelines Subcommittee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151-183, 1999
  pubmed

• 2) Joint National Committee. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure. Arch Intern Med 157:2413-2446, 1997

• 3) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekborn T et al:For STOP-Hypertension-2 study group:Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999

• 4) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in The Elderly study, ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 5) Tsuyuki RT, Yusuf S, Roaleau JL et al:Combination neurohormonal blockade with ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II antagonists and beta-blockers in patients with congestive heart failure:design of Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. Can J Cardiol 13:1166-1174, 1997

• 6) Johnston C:Angiotensin receptor antagonists:focus on losartan. Lancet 346:1403-1409, 1997

• 7) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Julius S et al:Characteristics of 9194 Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy the LIFE study. Hypertension 32:989-997, 1998
  pubmed

P.325 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Collins R, Peto R, MacMahon S et al:Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 2, Short-term reductions in blood pressure:overview of randomised drug trials in their epidemiological context see comments. Lancet 335:827, 1990

• 2) Siegel D, Lopez J:Trends in antihypertensive drug use in the United States:do the JNC V recommendations affect prescribing? Fifth Joint National Commission on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure see comments. JAMA 278:1745-1748, 1997

• 3) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE) see comments. Lancet 349:747-752, 1997

• 4) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson P, Segal R et al:Effects of losartan versus captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:rationale, design, and baseline characteristics of patients in the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study-ELITE II see comments. J Card Fail 5:146-154, 1999

• 5) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson P, Segal R et al:Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study-ELITE H. Circulation 100:1-782, 1999

• 6) Dahlof B, Devereux R, de Faire U et al:The Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) in Hypertension study:rationale, design, and methods. The LIFE Study Group. Am J Hypertens 10:705-713, 1997

• 7) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J:Comparison of the effects of losartan and captopril on mortality in patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL trial design. Optimal Therapy in Myocardial Infarction with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Am J Cardiol 83:477-481, 1999
  pubmed

• 8) XXth Congress of the European Society of Cardiology:Vienna, Austria, August 22-26, 1998. Eur Heart J 19:1-741, 1998 (abstr)

• 9) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of Candesartan, Enalapril, and Their Combination in Congestive Heart Failure Randornized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
  pubmed

• 10) Swedberg K, Pfeffer M, Granger C et al:Candesartan in Heart Failure-Assesment of Reduction in Mortality and Morbidity (CHARM):Rationale and Design. J Card Fail 5:276-282, 1999

• 11) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Glazer RD et al:Rationale and design of the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial:a large multinational trial to assess the effects of valsartan, an angiotensin--receptor blocker, on morbidity and mortality in chronic congestive heart failure see comments. J Card Fail 5:155-160, 1999

• 12) Mann J, Julius S:The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation (VALUE) trial of cardiovascular events in hypertension. Rationale and design. Blood Press 7:176-183, 1998
  pubmed

• 13) Julius S:Long-term potential of angiotensin receptor blockade for cardiovascular protection in hypertension:the VALUE trial. Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation. Cardiology 91 (suppl 1):8-13, 1999

• 14) Brasch H, Sieroslawski L, Dominiak P:Angiotensin II increases norepinephrine release from atria by acting on angiotensin subtype 1 receptors. Hypertension 22:699-704, 1993
  pubmed

P.333 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Dahlof B, Lindholm LH, Carney S et al:Main results of the losartan versus amlodipine (LOA) study on drug tolerability and psychological general well-being. LOA study group. J Hypertens 15:1327-1335, 1997

• 2) Oparil S:Candesartan cilexetil in combination with low-dose hydrochlorothiazide is effective in severe hypertension. Am J Cardiol 84:35S-41S, 1999
  pubmed

• 3) Karlberg BE, Lins LE, Hermansson K:Efficacy and safety of telmisartan, a selective AT1 receptor antagonist, compared with enalapril in elderly patients with primary hypertension. TEES study group. J Hypertens 17:293-302, 1999

• 4) Trenkwalder P:Effects of candesartan cilexetil on glucose homeostasis. Multicenter Study Group. Basic Res Cardiol 93 (suppl 2):140-144, 1998

• 5) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Julius S et al:Characteristics of 9194 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy:the LIFE study. Losartan Intervention For Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension. Hypertension 32:989-997, 1998
  pubmed

• 6) Mann J, Julius S:The valsartan antihypertensive long-term use evaluation (VALUE) trial ofcardiovascular events in hypertension. Rationaleand design. Blood Press 7:176-183, 1998

• 7) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomizedtrial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (evaluation of losartan inthe elderly study. ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997

• 8) Brooksby P, Robinson PJ, Segal R:Effects oflosartan and captopril on QT dispersion inelderly patients with heart failure. ELITE studygroup. Lancet 354:395-396, 1999

• 9) Pitt B:The losartan heart failure survivalstudy. ELITE II. AHA, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, November 1999

• 10) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:and Their Combination in Congestive Heart Failure:Randomized Evaluation of Strategiesfor Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVD) Pilot Study:The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999

• 11) Toto R, Shultz P, Raij L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan in hypertensive patient swith renal impairment. Collaborative group. Hypertension 31:684-691, 1998

• 12) Saracho R, Martin-Malo A, Martinez I et al:Evaluation of the Losartan in Hemodialysis (ELHE) Study. Kidney Int Suppl 68:S125-S129, 1998
  pubmed

P.340 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Tochikubo O, Hishiki S, Miyajima E et al:Statistical base value of 24-hour blood pressure distribution in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 32:430-436, 1998
  pubmed

• 2) Pickering TG:Ambulatory monitoring and blood pressure variability Part 1. Science Press Ltd, London, 1990, pp. 4. 1-5. 15

• 3) Pickering TG:The ninth Sir George Pickering memorial lecture ambulatory monitoring and the definition of hypertension. J Hypertens 10:401-409, 1992

• 4) Tochikubo O, Ochiai H, Oota T et al:Measurements of base blood pressure during sleep and its clinical significance in hypertensive patients. Jpn Circ J 15:1174-1183, 1987

• 5) Tochikubo O, Miyazaki N, Ochiai H et al:Non-Gaussian distribution of arterial pressure and heart rate during sleep and waking in hypertensive and normotensive subjects. Jpn Circ J 50:808-817, 1986
  pubmed

• 6) Tochikubo O, Kawano Y, Miyajima E et al:Hemodynamic factors regulating blood pressure during sleep in patients with mild essential hypertension. Jpn Circ J 61:25-37, 1997
  pubmed

• 7) Minamisawa K, Tochikubo O, Ishii M:Systemic hemodynamics during sleep in young or middle-aged and elderly patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 23:167-173, 1994

• 8) Tochikubo O, Kawano Y, Miyajima E et al:Circadian variation of hemodynamics and baroreflex functions in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertens Res 20:157-166, 1997
  pubmed

• 9) Kawano Y, Tochikubo O, Minamisawa K et al:Circadian variation of haemodynamics in patients with essential hypertension:comparison between early morning and evening. J Hypertens 12:1405-1412, 1994
  pubmed

• 10) Kawano Y, Tochikubo O, Miyajima E et al:Circadian variation in baroreflex sensitivity evaluated by beat-to-beat hemodynamic change in patients with essential hypertension. J Cardiol 26:159-165, 1995
  pubmed

• 11) Tochikubo O, Minamisawa K, Miyakawa T et al:Blood pressure during sleep:antihypertensive medication. Am J Ca rdiol 67:18B-25B, 1991

• 12) Fujimura A, Ebihara A, Shiigai T et al:Amelioration of Enalapril-induced dry cough by changing dosing time from morning to evening:a preliminary trial. Jpn J Clin Pharmacol Ther 30:741-744, 1999

• 13) Ishikawa M, Suzuki H, Kumagai K et al:Differential modulation of baroreceptor sensitivity by long-term antihypertensive treatment. Hypertension 26:425-431, 1995

• 14) Tsunoda K, Abe K, Hagino T et al:Hypotensive effect of losartan, a nonpeptide angiotensin H receptor antagonist, in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 6:28-32, 1993
  pubmed

• 15) 林博史, 津田誠:健常者および低血圧症の血圧日内変動. 24時間血圧変動からみた新しい高血圧症の考え方, 山田和生監修, 林博史, 外山淳治編, スズケンセンター出版部, 名古屋, 1991, pp. 77-103

• 16) Byyny RL:Losartan potassium lowers blood pressure measured by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens 13 (suppl 1):S29-S33, 1995

• 17) Weber MA, Neutel JM, Smith DH:Controlling blood pressure throughout the day:issues in testing a new antihypertensive agent. J Hum Hypertens 9 (suppl 5):S29-S35, 1995

• 18) Gradman AH, Arcuri KE, Goldberg AI et al:A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel study of various doses of Losartan potassium compared with Enalapril maleate in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 25:1345-1350, 1995
  pubmed

• 19) Heuer HJ, Schondorfer G, Hogemann AM:Twenty-four hour blood pressure profile of different doses of candesartan cilexetil in patients with mild to moderate hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 11 (suppl 2):S55-S56, 1997

• 20) Anderson OK, Neldam S:The antihypertensive effect and tolerability of candesartan Cilexetil, a new generation angiotensin II antagonist, in comparison with losartan. Blood Press 7:53-59, 1998

• 21) Ruilope L:Human pharmacokinetic/pharma-codynamic profile of irbesartan:a new potent angiotensin II receptor antagonist. J Hypertens 15 (suppl 7):S15-S20, 1997

P.347 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Tigerstedt R, Bergman PG:Niere und Kreislanf. Scand Arch Physiol 8:223-270, 1898

• 2) Ondetti MA, Rubin B, Cushman DW:Design of specific inhibitors of ACE:new class of orally active anti-hypertensive agents. Science 196:441-444, 1977

• 3) Furukawa Y, Kishimoto S, Nishikawa K et al:Hypotensive imidazole derivatives. US Patent 4:340, 598 issued to Takeda Chemical Ltd. 1982

• 4) Chiu AT, Carini DJ, Johnson AL et al:Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacology of S-8308. Eur J Pharmacol 157:13-21, 1988
  pubmed

• 5) Kubo K, Kohara Y, Yoshimura Y et al:Non-peptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Synthesis and biological activity of potential pro-drugs of benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acids. J Med Chem 36:2343-2349, 1993

• 6) Arakawa K, Bumpus FM:An improved synthesis of isoleucine5-angiotensin octapeptide. J Am Chem Soc 83:728-732, 1961

• 7) Bumpus FM, Khairallah PA, Arakawa K et al:The relationship of structure to pressor and oxytocic actions of isolecine5-angiotensin octapeptide and various analogues. Biochim Biophys Acta 46:38-44, 1961

• 8) Khairallah PA, Toth A, Bumpus FM et al:Analogs of angiotensin II. Mechanism of receptor interaction. J Med Chem 13:181-184, 1970
  pubmed

• 9) Chiu AT, Herblin WF, McCall DE et al:Identification of angiotensin II receptor subtypes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165:196-203, 1989
  pubmed

• 10) Dudley DT, Panek RL, Major TC et al:Subclasses of angiotensin II binding sites and their functional significance. Mol Pharmacol 38:370-377, 1990
  pubmed

• 11) Hansson L:The future role of losartan. J Hum Hypertens 9 (suppl 5):S55-S58, 1995

• 12) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in the Elderly Study, ELITE). Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
  pubmed

• 13) Pitt B:ELITE-II. 72nd Scientific Session of AHA, Atlanta, 1999. 11. 10

• 14) Tsutsumi Y, Matsubara H, Masaki H et al:Angiotensin II type 2 receptor overexpression activates the vascular kinin system and causes vasodilation. J Clin Invest 104:925-935, 1999
  pubmed

• 15) Ihara M, Urata H, Kinoshita A et al:Increased chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in human atherosclerotic aorta. Hypertension 33:1399-1405, 1999
  pubmed

• 16) Uehara Y, Urata H, Sasaguri M et al:Increased chymase activity in internal thoracic artery of patients with hypercholesterolemia. Hypertension (in press)

• 17) Koga T, Urata H, Matsunaga A et al:Human chymase overexpression in mice induces weightloss, hypocholesterolemia, Leuro cytosis and tachycardia. Circulation 100 (suppl):1-813, 1999 (Abstract 4289) 72nd Scientific Session Of AHA