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Part 1 ● 臨床におけるAII受容体拮抗薬の今日的意義をみる

P.31 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Unger T:The role of the rennin-angiotensin system in the development of cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 89 (suppl):3A-10 A, 2002

• 2) Cain AE, Khalil RA:Pathophysiology of essential hypertension:role of the pump, the vessel and the kidney. Semin Nephrol 22:3-16, 2002
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• 3) Berk BC:Vascular smooth muscle growth:autocrine growth mechanisms. Physiol Rev 81:999-1030, 2002

• 4) Intengan HD, Schiffrin EL:Structure and mechanical properties of resistance arteries in hypertension. Role of adhesion molecules and extracellular matrix determinants. Hypertension 36:312-318, 2000
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• 5) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
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• 6) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy. a Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
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• 7) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003

• 8) The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators:Effects of an Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 342:145-153, 2000
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• 9) Dahlof B:Left ventricular hypertrophy and angiotensin II antagonists. Am J Hypertens 14:174-182, 2001
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• 10) Dzau VJ:Theodore Cooper Lecture. Tissue angiotensin and pathology of vascular disease. A unifying hypothesis. Hypertension 37:1047-1052, 2001

• 11) Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kφber L et al:Long-term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left-ventricular dysfunction:a systemic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet 355:1575-1581, 2000

• 12) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
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• 13) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan, enarapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure:randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. Circulation 1OO:1056-1064, 1999

• 14) Cohn JN, Tognoni G:Arandomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001

• 15) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

• 16) Navar LG, Kobori H, Prieto-Carrasquero M:Intrarenal angiotensin II and hypertension. Cur Hypertens Rep 5:135-143, 2003

• 17) Admczak M, Zeier M, Dikow R et al:Kidney and hypertension. Kidney Int 61 (suppl 80):62-67, 2002

• 18) Gansevoort RT, Mimran A, de Zeeuw D et al:AT1 receptor antagonists and the kidney. In:Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists, (ed by Epstein M, Brunner HR), Hanley & Belfus, Inc., Philadelphia, 2001, pp 295-316

• 19) Burns KD:Angiotensin II and its recaptors in the diabetic kidney. Am J kidney Dis 36:449-467, 2000

• 20) Scholey JW:Angiotensin II and the glomerulus:focus on diabetic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 5:172-180, 2003
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• 21) Keane WF, Lyle PA:Recent advances in management of type 2 diabetes and nephropathy:lessons from the RENAAL study. Am J Kidney Dis 41 (suppl 1):S22-S25, 2003

• 22) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
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• 23) Viberti G, Wheeldon NM:Micro-Albuminuria Reduction with VALsartan (MARVAL) Study Investigators:Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:a blood pressure-in-dependent effect. Circulation 106:672-678, 2002

• 24) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
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• 25) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
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• 26) Nickenig G, Roling J, Strehlow K et al:Insulin induces upregulation of vascular AT1 receptor gene expression by posttran-scriptional mechanisms. Circulation 98:2453-2460, 1998

• 27) Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) Study Investigators:Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus:results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 355:253-259, 2000

• 28) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999

• 29) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
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• 30) Townsend RR:Angiotensin and insulin resistance:conspiracy theory. Curr Hypertens Rep 5:110-116, 2003
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• 31) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003
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P.38 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会:高血圧治療ガイドライン2000年版. 日本高血圧学会, 2000

• 2) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HB et al:The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:The JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003

• 3) Guideline Committee:2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 21:1011-1053, 2003

• 4) Urata H, Healy B, Stewart FN et al:Angiotensin II-forming pathways in normal and failing human hearts. Circ Res 66:883-890, 1990

• 5) Goldberg AI, Dunlay MC, Sweet CS:Safety and Tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotesin II receptor antagonist, compare with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor for the treatment of systemic hyper-tension. Am J Cardiol 75:793-795, 1995

• 6) American Diabetes Association:Treatment of hypertension in adult with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25:119-201, 2002
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• 7) HOPE Study Investigators:Effect of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus:Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet 355:253-259, 2000

• 8) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomized trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999

• 9) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endopoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002

• 10) Taguma Y, Kitamoto Y, Futaki G et al:Effect of captopril on heavy proteinuria in azotemic diabetes. N Engl J Med 313:1617-1620, 1985
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• 11) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993
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• 12) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effect of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
  pubmed

• 13) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
  pubmed

• 14) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brocjner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001

• 15) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):A randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
  pubmed

• 16) Viberti G, Wheeldon NM, MARVAL Study Investigators:Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus:a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 106:672-678, 2002

• 17) 0gihara T, Asano T, Ando K et al:Angiotensin II-induced insulin resistance is associated with enhanced insulin signaling. Hypertension 40:872-879, 2002

• 18) Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J et al:Effect of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in highrisk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342:145-153, 2000

• 19) Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris G et al:Effectof ramipril vs. amlodipine on renal outcomesin hypertensive nephrosclerosis:a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 285:2719-2728, 2001

• 20) Imanishi M, Yoshioka K, Okumura M et al:Mechanism of decreased albuminuria causedby angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in early diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 52 (suppl 63):S-198-S-200, 1997

• 21) Russo D, Minutolo R, Pisani A et al:Coadministration of losartan and enalapril exerts additive antiproteinuric effect in IgA nephropathy. Am J Kidny Dis 38:18-25, 2001

• 22) Ruilope LM, Aldigier JC, Ponticelli C et al:Safety of the combination of valsartan and benazepril in patients with chronic renal disease:European Group for the Investigation of valsartan in chronic renal disease. J Hypertens 18:89-95, 2000

• 23) Rossing K, Christensen PK, Jensen BR et al:Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in diabetic nephropathy:a randomized double-blind crossover study. Diabetes Care 25:95-100, 2002
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• 24) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in Elderly Study, ELITE) . Lancet 349:747-7452, 1997
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• 25) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomized trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
  pubmed

• 26) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
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• 27) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Varsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartanin chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2002

• 28) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomized trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6, 105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001
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• 29) Schrader J, Rothemeyer M, Luders S et al:Hypertension and stroke:rationale behindthe ACESS trial. Acute Candesartan Cilexetil Evaluation in Stroke Survivors. Basic Res Cardiol 93 (suppl 2):69-78, 1998

P.43 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999
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• 2) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999

• 3) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
  pubmed

• 4) Wing LM, Reid CM, Ryan P et al:A comparison of outcomes with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and diuretics for hypertension in the elderly. N Engl J Med 348:583-592, 2003

• 5) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE) . Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
  pubmed

• 6) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
  pubmed

• 7) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003

• 8) Bloom BS:Continuation of initial antihypertensive medication after 1 year of therapy. Clin Ther 20:671-681, 1998
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• 9) Ihara M, Urata H, Kinoshita A et al:Increased chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in human atherosclerotic aorta. Hypertension 33:1399-1405, 1999
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• 10) Kobayashi N, Hara K, Watanabe S et al:Effect of imidapril on myocardial remodeling in L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats is associated with gene expression of NOS and ACE mRNA. Am J Hypertens 13:199-207, 2000

• 11) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure randomized trial-the losartan heart failure survival study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
  pubmed

• 12) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2002

• 13) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

• 14) 日本透析医学会統計調査委員会同小委員会:わが国の慢性透析療法の現況 (2001年12月31日現在). 日本透析医学会雑誌 36:1-31, 2003

• 15) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
  pubmed

• 16) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
  pubmed

• 17) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
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P.50 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Guidelines Subcommittee:1999 World Health Organization-lnternational Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 17:151-183, 1999

• 2) 日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会:高血圧治療ガイドライン2000年版. 日本高血圧学会, 東京, 2000

• 3) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003
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• 4) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekborn T et al:Randomised trial of old and new antihyper-tensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999

• 5) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomized trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (Evaluation of Losartan in The Elderly study, ELITE) . Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
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• 6) Tsuyuki RT, Yusuf S, Roaleau JL et al:Combination neurohormonal blockade with ACE inhibitors, angiotension II antagonists and beta-blockers in patients with congestive heart failure:design of Randomized Evaluation of Strategies for Left Ventricular Dysfunction (RESOLVED) Pilot Study. Can J Cardiol 13:1166-1174, 1997

• 7) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
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• 8) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke ER et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001

• 9) The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
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• 10) Ogihara T:Practitioner's trial on the efficacy of antihypertensive treatment in the elderly hypertension (The PATE-Hypertension Study) in Japan. Am J Hypertens 13:461-467, 2000
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P.55 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 厚生労働省大臣官房統計情報部:平成12年度国民医療費の概況, 2002

• 2) 厚生労働省大臣官房統計情報部:平成12年度社会医療診療行為調査の概況, 2001

• 3) 日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会:高血圧治療ガイドライン2000年版, 日本高血圧学会, 東京, 2000

• 4) 厚生労働省健康局:第5次循環器疾患基礎調査結果の概要, (2001/11実施)

• 5) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:the JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003
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• 6) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group, The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-coverting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981-2987, 2002
  pubmed

• 7) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial-the losartan heart failure survival study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
  pubmed

• 8) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2002

• 9) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomized trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

• 10) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
  pubmed

• 11) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
  pubmed

• 12) Herman WH, Shahinfar S, Casbach EJ et al:Losartan reduces the costs associated with diabetic end-stage renal disease:the RENAAL study economic evaluation:Diabetes Care 26:683-687, 2003

P.60 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 厚生労働省健康局:「第5次循環器疾患基礎調査結果の概要」 (2000/11実施)

• 2) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. The JNC 7 report. JAMA 289:2560-2572, 2003
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• 3) Hopkin K, Couture cures:This drug's for you. Sci Am 10:6-9, 1999

• 4) Turner ST, Schwartz GL, Chapman AB et al:Antihypertensive pharmacogenetics:getting the right drug into the right patient. J Hypertens 19:1-11, 2001

• 5) 横井毅:薬理ゲノミクス-個人差を考えた医薬品探索と開発. 次世代ゲノム創薬 (日本薬学会編) 中山書店, 東京, 2003, pp. 207-220

• 6) Ingelman-Sundberg M, Oscarson M, McLellan RA:Polymorphic human chytochrome P450 enzymes:an opportunity for individualized drug treatment. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:342-349, 1999

• 7) Katsuya T, Iwashima Y, Sugimoto K et al:Effects of antihypertensive drugs and gene variants in the renin-angiotensin system. Hypertens Res 24:463-467, 2001
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• 8) Kurland L, Melhus H, Karlsson J et al:Angiotensin converting enzyme gene polymorphism predicts blood pressure response to angiotensin II receptor type 1 antagonist treatment in hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 19:1783-1787, 2001

• 9) Andersen S, Tarnow L, Cambien F et al:Long-term renoprotective effects of losartan in diabetic nephropathy. Diabetes Care 26:1501-1506, 2003
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• 10) Andersen S, Tarnow L, Cambien F et al:Renoprotective effects of losartan in diabetic nephropathy:interaction with ACE insertion/deletion genotype? Kidney Int 62:192-198, 2002
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• 11) Song JC, White CM:Pharmacologic, pharmacokinetic, and therapeutic differences among angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Pharmacoltheraphy 20:130-139, 2000
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• 12) Hanatani T, Fukuda T, Ikeda M et al:CYP 2 C 9*3influences the metabolism and the drug-interaction of candesartan in vitro. Pharmacogenomics J 1:288-292, 2001

• 13) Lee CR, Pieper JA, Hinderliter AL et al:Losartan and E 3174 pharmacokinetics in cytochrome P 450 2C9 *1/*1, *1/*2, and *1/*3 individuals. Pharmacotherapy 23:720-725, 2003

• 14) 日本高血圧学会高血圧治療ガイドライン作成委員会:高血圧治療ガイドライン2000年版, 日本高血圧学会, 東京, 2000

• 15) Guideline Committee:2003 European society of hypertension-European society of cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 21:1011-1053, 2003

P.66 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR et al:The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure:The JNC 7 Report. JAMA 289:2560-2571, 2003
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• 2) Psaty BM, Lumley T, Furberg CD et al:Health outcomes associated with various antihypertensive therapies used as first-line agents:a network meta-analysis. JAMA 289:2534-2544, 2003
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• 3) Conlin PR:Angiotensin II antagonists in the treatment of hypertension:more similarities than differences. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2:253-257, 2000
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• 4) 西征二:アンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬による降圧療法と心血管系合併症の診療-持続性 Ca拮抗薬との対比検討-. 日本臨床内科医会会誌 17:165-176, 2002
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• 5) Brenner B, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
  pubmed

• 6) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
  pubmed

• 7) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
  pubmed

• 8) Viberti G, Wheeldon NM:Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation 106:672-678, 2002
  pubmed

• 9) Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N et al:Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 348:383-393, 2003
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P.71 掲載の参考文献

• 1) The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
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• 2) Oparil S, Weber MA:Hypertension, a comparison to Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 2000, p 602, 631

• 3) Wing LMH, Reid CM, Ryan P et al:A comparison of outcomes with Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme Inhibitors and Diuretics for Hypertension in the Elderly. N Engl M Med 348:583-592, 2003

• 4) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based bloodpressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001.
  pubmed

• 5) Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J et al:Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 342:145-153, 2000
  pubmed

• 6) Eguchi K, Kario K, Shimada K:Effects of long-acting ACE inhibitor (temocapril) and long-acting Ca channel blocker (amlodipine) on 24-h ambulatory BP in elderly hypertensive patients. J Hypertens 15:643-648, 2001

• 7) Burnier M:Angiotensin II type l receptor blockers. Circulation 103:904-912, 2001

• 8) Eguchi K, Kario K, Shimada K:Comparison of candesartan and lisinopril on ambulatory blood pressure and morning surge in patients with systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 92:621-624, 2003
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• 9) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
  pubmed

• 10) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
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• 11) Zanchetti A, Omboni S:Comparison of candesartan versus enalapril in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 14:129-134, 2001
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• 12) Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y et al:Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovasculardisease in the elderly hypertensives:a prospective study. Circulation 107:1401-1406, 2003

• 13) Karlberg BE, Lins LE, Hermansson K:Efficacy and safety of telmisartan, a selective AT 1 receptor antagonist, compared with enalapril in elderly patients with primary hypertension. TEES Study Group. J Hypertens 17:293-302, 1999

• 14) Cuspidi C, Muiesan ML, Valagussa L et al:Comparative effects of candesartan and enalapril on left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with essential hypertension:the candesartan assessment in the treatment of cardiac hypertrophy (CATCH) study. J Hypertens 20:2293-2300, 2002
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• 15) Forclaz A, Maillard M, Nussberger J et al:Angiotensin II receptor blockade:Is there truly a benefit of adding an ACE inhibitor? Hypertension 41:31-36, 2003.
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• 1) Ohnish H, Saitoh S, Ura N et al:Relationship between insulin resistance and accumulation of coronary risk factors. Diabetes Obes Metab 4:388-393, 2002

• 2) Shimamoto K, Hirata A, Fukuoka M et al:Insulin sensitivity and the effects of insulin on renal sodium handling and pressor systems in essential hypertensive patients. Hypertension 23 (Suppl I):129-133, 1994

• 3) Kamide K, Hori MT, Zhu JH et al:Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 promotes angiotensinogen production and growth in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Hypertens 18:1051-1056, 2000

• 4) Nickenig G, Roling J, Strehlow K et al:Insulin induces upregulation of vascular AT 1 receptor gene expression by posttran-scriptional mechanisms. Circulation 98:2453-2460, 1998

• 5) Lyer SN, Raizada MK, Katovich MJ et al:AT 1 receptor density changes during development of hypertension in hyperinsulinemic rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 18:793-810, 1996

• 6) Kamide K, Rakugi H, Higaki J et al:The renin-angiotensin and adrenergic nervous system in cardiac hypertrophy in fructose-fed rats. Am J Hypertens 15:66-71, 2002
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• 7) Velloso LA, Filli F, Sun XJ et al:Cross-talk between the insulin and angiotensin signaling systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci 93:12490-12495, 1996

• 8) Folli F, Kahn CR, Hansen H et al:Angiotensin II inhibits insulin signaling in aortic smooth muscle cells at multiple levels-a potential role for serine phosphorylation in insulin/angiotensin II crosstalk. J Clin In vest 100:2158-5169, 1997

• 9) Higashiura K, Ura N, Takada T et al:The effects of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist on insulin resistance in fructosefed rats. Am J Hyertens 13:290-297, 2000

• 10) Togashi N, Ura N, Higashura K et al:The effect of TNF-α-converting enzyme inhibitor on insulin resistance in fructose-fed rats. Hypertension 39:578-580, 2002

• 11) Togashi N, Ura N, Higashiura K et al:The contribution of skeletal muscle tumor necrosis factor-α to insulin resistance and hypertension in fructose-fed rats. J Hypertens 18:1605-1610, 2000

• 12) Furuhashi M, Ura N, Higashiura K et al:Blockade of the rennin-angiotensin system increases adiponectin concentrations in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 42:76-81, 2003

• 13) Janke J, Engeli S, Gorzelniak K et al:Mature adipocytes inhibit in vitro differentiation of human preadipocytes via angiotensintype 1 receptors. Diabetes 51:1699-1707, 2002

• 14) Dresner A, Laurent D, Marcucci M et al:Effects of free fatty acids on glucose transport and IRS-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. J Clin Invest 103:253-259, 1999
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Part 2 ● 臨床薬理からAII受容体拮抗薬の臨床的有用性をみる

P.87 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 宮崎瑞夫:アンジオテンシン受容体拮抗薬. アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬. 心臓 32:611-618, 2000
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• 2) 宮崎瑞夫:薬理学的にみたAII受容体拮抗薬スペシャルガイド第3回血管内腔狭窄抑制作用. 血圧 9:1081-1083, 2002

• 3) Takai S, Miyazaki M:A novel therapeutic strategy against vascular disorders with chymase inhibitor. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 1:217-224, 2003
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• 4) Miyazaki M, Takai S:Local Angiotensin II generating system in vascular tissues:the roles of chymase. Hypertens Res 24:189-193, 2001
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• 5) Jin D, Takai S, Shiota N et al:Roles of vascular angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive hamsters. J Hypertens 16:657-664, 1998
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• 6) 高井真司, 宮崎瑞夫:アンジオテンシンIIアンタゴニストの抗動脈硬化作用. Hypertension Frontier 4:50-57, 2001

• 7) Miyazaki M, Wada T, Shiota N et al:Effect of angiotensin II receptor antagonist, candesartan cilexetil, on canine intima hypertension after balloon injury. J Hypertens 13 (Suppl 1):S 21-S 25, 1999

• 8) Nishimoto M, Takai S, Kim S et al:Significance of chymase-dependent angiotensin II-forming pathways in the development of vascular proliferation. Circulation 104:1274-1279, 2001
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• 9) Nishimoto M, Takai S, Fukumoto H et al:Increased local angiotensin II formation in anueurysmal aorta. Life Sci 71:2195-2205, 2002
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• 10) Tsunemi K, Takai S, Nishimoto M et al:Possible roles of angiotensin II-forming enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme and chymase-like enzyme, in the human aneurysmal aorta. Hypertens Res 25:817-822, 2002
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• 11) Okamoto K, Takai S, Sasaki S et al:Trandolapril reduces infarction area after middle Cerenral artery occlusion in rats. Hypertens Res 25:583-588, 2002

• 12) 金 徳男, 高井真司, 阪口眞人ほか:心筋梗塞後の病態生理におけるキマーゼの役割. 血管 26:53-58, 2003

• 13) 高井真司, 金 徳男, 阪口眞人ほか:キマーゼ阻害薬による心臓線維化抑制効果-Transforming growth factor-β活性化酵素としてのキマーゼ-. 血圧 10:251-255, 2003
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P.92 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) 河野雄平, 山口武典:脳血管障害を伴った高血圧とアンジオテンシンII受容体拮抗薬. 心血管疾患とレニン・アンジオテンシン系, (荻原俊男, 猿田享男, 永井良三ほか編), 先端医学社, 東京, 2000, pp 173-178

• 3) Rigaud AS, Saux ML, Staessen JA et al:Cerebral complications of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 14:605-616, 2000

• 4) Vraamark T, Waldemar G, Strandgaard S et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist CV-11974 and cerebral blood flow autoregulation. J Hypertens 13:755-761, 1995
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• 5) Kawano Y, Yoshida K, Matsuoka H et al:Chronic effects of central and systemic administration of losartan on blood pressure reflex in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 7:536-542, 1994
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• 6) von Lutterotti N, Camargo MJ, Campbell WG Jr et al:Angiotensin II receptor antagonist delays renal damage and stroke in salt-loaded Dahl salt-sensitive rats. J Hypertens 10:949-957, 1992
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• 7) Vacher E, Richer C, Giudicelli JF:Effects of losartan on cerebral arteries in stroke-pronespontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 14:1341-1348, 1996

• 8) 1nada Y, Wada T, Ojima M et al:Protective effects of candesartan cilexetil (TCV-116) against stroke, kidney dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 19:1079-1099, 1997

• 9) Nishimura Y, Ito T, Saavedra JM:Angiotensin II ATI blockade normalizes cerebrovascular autoregulation and reduces cerebralischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Stroke 31:2478-2486, 2000

• 10) Gueyffier F, Boissel JP, Boutitie F et al:Effect of antihypertensive treatment inpatients having already suffered from stroke. Gathering the evidence. The INDANA (Individual Data Analysis of Antihypertensivetrials) Project Collaborators. Stroke 28:2557-2562, 1997

• 11) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transientischemis attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001
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• 12) Neal B, Mac Mahon S, Chapman N et al:Effects of ACE inhibitors, calcium antagonists, and other blood-pressure-lowering drugs:results of prospectively designed overviews of randomized trials. Lancet 356:1955-1964, 2000
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• 13) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to prevent Heart Attack Trial:Mojor outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT) . JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
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• 14) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
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• 15) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003

• 16) Schrader J, Luders S, Kulshewski A et al:The ACCESS study:evaluation of acute candesartan cilexetil therapy in stroke survivors. Stroke 34:1699-1703, 2003
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P.100 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group:Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS) . N Engl J Med 316:1429-1435, 1987

• 3) The SOLVED Investigators:Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 325:293-302, 1991

• 4) The AIRE Investigation:Effect of Ramipril on mortality of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet 343:821-823, 1993

• 5) Urata H, Healy B, Stewart RW et al:Angiotensin II forming pathway in normal and failing human hearts. Circ Res 66:883-890, 1990
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• 6) Ihara M, Urata H, Kinoshita A et al:Increased chymase-dependent angiotensin II formation in human atherosclerotic aorta. Hypertension 33:1399-1405, 1999
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• 7) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
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• 8) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kleldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endopoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002

• 9) Cohn JN, Tognori G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2002

• 10) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMMAL randomized trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

• 11) Gohlke P, Pee C, Unger T:AT 2 receptor stimulation increases aortic cyclic GMP in SHRSP by a kinin-dependent mechanism. Hypertension 31:349-355, 1998

• 12) Siragy HM, Carey RM:The subtypes 2 (AT 2) angiotensin receptor mediates renal production of nitric oxide in conscious rats. J Clin Invest 100:264-369, 1997
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• 13) Jalowy A, Schulz R, Dorge H et al:Infarct size reduction by AT 1-receptor blockade through a signal cascade of AT 2-receptor activation, bradykinin and prostaglandins in pigs. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:1787-1796, 1998
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• 14) Xu J, Carretero OA, Liu YH et al:Role of AT 2 receptors in the cardioprotective effect of AT 1 antagonists in mice. Hypertension 40:244-250, 2002
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• 15) Serneri GG, Boddi M, Cecioni I et al:Cardiac angiotensin II formation in the clinical course of heart failure and its relationship with left ventricular function. Circ Res 88:961-968, 2001
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• 16) Griendling KK, Sorescu D, Ushio-Fukai M:NAD (P) H Oxidase:role in cardiovascular biology and disease. Circ Res 86:494-501, 2000
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• 17) Pueyo ME, Gonzalez W, Nicoletti A et al:Angiotensin II stimulates endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 via nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by intracellular oxidative stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:645-651, 2000
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• 18) Suzuki J, Matsubara H, Urakami M et al:Rat angiotensin II (type 1 A) receptor mRNA regulation and subtype expression in myocardial growth and hypertrophy. Circ Res 73:439-447, 1993

• 19) Nio Y, Matsubara H, Murasawa S et al:Regulation of gene transcription of angiotenin II receptor subtypes in myocardial infarction. J Clin Invest 95:46-54, 1995

• 20) Nozawa Y, Haruno A, Oda N et al:Angiotensin II receptor subtypes in bovine and human ventricular myocardium. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 270:566-571, 1994
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• 21) Yamazaki T, Komuro I, Kudoh S et al:Angiotensin II partly mediates mechanical stress-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Circ Res 77:258, 1995
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• 22) Kim S, Ohta K, Hamaguchi A et al:An-giotensin II induces cardiac phenotypic modulation and remodeling in vivo in rats. Hypertension 25:1252-1259, 1995

• 23) Levy D, Garison RJ, Savage DD et al:Prognostic implication of echocardiographically determined left ventricular mass in the Framingham heart study. N Engl J Med 322:1561-1566, 1990

• 24) Verdecchia P, Schillaci G, Borgioni C et al:Adverse prognosis significance of concentric remodeling of the Ieft ventricule in hypertensive patients with normal left ventricular mass. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:871-878, 1995

• 25) Dahlof B, Pennert K, Hansson L:Reversal ofleft ventricular hypertrophy in hypertensive patients. A metaanalysis of 109 treatment studies. Am J Hpyertens 5:95-110, 1992

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• 27) Rosa ML, Rossi M, Baiano A et al:Comparative effects of chronic ACE inhibition and AT 1 receptor blocked losartan on cardiac hypertrophy and renal function in hypertensive patients. J Hum Hypertens 16:133-140, 2002 J
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• 28) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
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• 29) Harada K, Sugaya T, Murakami K et al:Angiotensin II type 1 A receptor knockout mice display less left ventricular remodeling and improved survival after myocardialinfarction. Circulation 100:2093-2099, 1999

• 30) Akishita M, Iwai M, Wu L et al:Inhibitory effect of angiotensin II type 2 receptor on coronary arterial remodeling after aortic banding in mice. Circulation 102:1684-1689, 2000
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• 31) Liu YH, Xu J, Yang XP et al:Effect of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonists on endothelial NO synthetase knockout mice with heart failure. Hypertension 39:375-381, 2002

• 32) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomized trial the Losartan Heart Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
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• 33) Maggiono AP, Anabd I, Gottlieb SO et al:Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:1414-1421, 2002

• 34) Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ et al:The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl Med 341:709-717, 1999
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• 35) Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F et al:Eplerenone, a Selective Aldosterone Blocker, in Patients with Left Ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 348:1309-1321, 2003
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• 36) Grossman E, Peleg E, Carroll J et al:Hemodynamic and humoral effects of the angiotensin II antagonist Losartan in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 7:1041-1044, 1994
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• 37) Harada E, Yoshimura M, Yasue H et al:Aldosterone induces angiotensin-converting-enzyme gene expression in cultured neonatal rat cardiocytes. Circulation 104:137-139, 2001
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P.108 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Perneger TV, Nieto J, Whelton PK et al:A prospective study of blood pressure and serum creatinine. Results from the`Clue' study and the ARIC study. JAMA 269:488-493, 1993

• 2) Lazarus JM, Bourgoignie JJ, Buckalew VM et al:Achievement and safety of a low blood pressure goal in chronic renal disease. The modification of diet in renal disease study group. Hypertension 29:641-650, 1997

• 3) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reduction risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Br Med J 317:713-720, 1998

• 4) The GISEN Group (Gruppo Italiano di Studi Epidemiologici in Nefrologia):Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of ramipril on decline in glomerular filtration rate and risk of terminal renal failure in proteinuric, non-diabetic nephropathy. Lancet 349:1857-1863, 1997
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• 5) Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Gherardi G et al:Renal function and requirement for dialysis in chronic nephropathy patients on long-term ramipril:REIN follow-up trial. Lancet 352:1252-1256, 1998
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• 6) Jafar TH, Schmit CH, Landa M et al:Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient-level data. Ann In tern Med 135:73-78, 2001

• 7) Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I et al:Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Int Med 118:577-581, 1993
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• 8) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibiton on diabetic nephropathy. (The Collaborative Study Group) . N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993

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• 14) Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM et al:Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease. The Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Ann Intern Med 123:754-762, 1995
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• 15) Ichikawa I, Harris R:Angiotensin-actions in the kidney:renewed insight into the old hormone. Kidney lnt 40:583-596, 1991

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• 17) Keane WF, Brenner BM, De Zeew D et al:The risk of developing end-stage renal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy:the RENAAL study. Kidney Int 63:1499-1507, 2003

• 18) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
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• 19) Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H et al:Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabetic renal disease (COOPERATE):a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 361:117-124, 2003
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• 20) Bakris GL, Siomos M, Richardson D et al:ACE inhibition or angiotensin receptor blockade:impact on potassium in renal failure. VAL-K Study Group. Kidney Int 58:2084-2092, 2000
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• 21) Toto R, Shultz P, Raji L et al:Efficacy and tolerability of losartan in hypertensive patients with renal impairment. Collaborative Group. Hypertension 31:684-689, 1998

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• 24) Apperloo AJ, de Zeeuw D, de Jong PE:A short-term antihypertensive treatment-induced fall in glomerular filtration rate predicts long-term stability of renal function. Kidney Int 51:793-797, 1997

Part 3 ● EBMからみたAII受容体拮抗薬の臨床的位置づけをみる

P.116 掲載の参考文献

• 1) The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group:Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure:results of the cooperative North Scandinavian enalapril survival study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med 316:1429-1435, 1987

• 2) Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA et al:Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction:Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. N Engl J Med 327:669-677, 1992

• 3) Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN et al:The effects of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 334:1349-1355, 1996
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• 4) The Rales investigators:Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study[RALES]) . Am J Cardiol 78:902-907, 1996

• 5) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial-the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITEII. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000

• 6) McKelvie RS, Yusuf S, Pericak D et al:Comparison of candesartan, enalapril, and their combination in congestive heart failure:randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction (RESOLVD) pilot study. The RESOLVD Pilot Study Investigators. Circulation 100:1056-1064, 1999
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• 7) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

• 8) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001

• 9) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
  pubmed

• 10) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
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• 11) The ALLHAT officers and coordinators for the ALLHAT collaborative research group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic. JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2003

• 12) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
  pubmed

• 13) Lithell H, Hanssson L, Skiig I et al:The study on cogintion and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003

• 14) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-Pressure lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001
  pubmed

P.122 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Sano H, Utsunomiya K, Tajima N et al:The association between coronary artery calcification, C-reactive protein, and lipid profiles in patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia 45 (Suppl 2):A 376, 2002

• 2) Gerstein HC, Mann JF, Yi Q et al:Al-buminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death and heart failure in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. JAMA 286:421-426, 2001

• 3) Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE et al:Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes:the United kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64) . Kidney Int 63:225-232, 2003
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• 4) Bianchi S, Biagazzi R, Quinones GA et al:Insulin resistance in microalbuminuric hypertension. Sites and mechanisms. Hypertension 26:789-795, 1995

• 5) Stehouwer CD, Gall MA, Twisk JW et al:Increased urinary albumin excretion, endothelial dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51:1157-1165, 2002
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• 6) Heart Outcome Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators:Effect of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus:results of the HOPE and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet 355:253-259, 2000
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• 7) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbility and mortality in the losartan intervantion for endpoint reduction in the hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002

• 8) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
  pubmed

• 9) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP et al:The effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 329:1456-1462, 1993
  pubmed

• 10) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
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Part 4 ● AII受容体拮抗薬による治療戦略をみる

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Part 5 ● AII受容体拮抗薬の服薬コンプライアンスをみる

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Part 6 ● AII受容体拮抗薬の有効使用のための注意点を知る

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Part 7 ● 大規模臨床試験からみたAII受容体拮抗薬の臨床的有用性を知る

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• 4) Strawn WB, Chappell MC, Dean RH et al:Inhibition of early atherogenesis by losartan in monkeys with diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 101:1586-1593, 2000
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• 5) Kramer C, Sunkomat JS, Witte J et al:Angiotensin II receptor-independent antiinflammatory properties of losartan:role of the active metabolite EXP 3179. Circ Res 90:770-776, 2002

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• 8) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:a losartan intervention for endpoint reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
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• 9) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The study on cognition and prognosis in the elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003

• 10) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
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• 11) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the losartan intervention for endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
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• 13) Dickstein K, Kjekhus J:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

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• 2) Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J et al:Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients:the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 342:145-153, 2000

• 3) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Ekbom T et al:Randomised trial of old and new antihypertensive drugs in elderly patients:cardiovascular mortality and morbidity the Swedish Trial in Old Patients with Hypertension-2 study. Lancet 354:1751-1756, 1999
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• 4) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial the Losartan Heart Failure Survival Study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
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• 5) PROGRESS Collaborative Group:Randomised trial of a perindopril-based blood-pressure-lowering regimen among 6,105 individuals with previous stroke or transient ischaemic attack. Lancet 358:1033-1041, 2001
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• 7) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
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• 8) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind intervention trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003

• 9) Kjeldsen SE, Julius S, Brunner H et al:Characteristics of 15, 314 hypertensive patients at high coronary risk. The VALUE trial. The Valsartan Antihypertensive Long-term Use Evaluation. Blood,Press 10:83-91, 2001
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• 10) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

• 11) ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major outcomes in high-risk hypertensive patients randomized to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or calcium channel blocker vs diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHAT). JAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002
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• 12) Cohn JN, Tognoni G, Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators:A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med 345:1667-1675, 2001

• 13) Hansson L, Hedner T, Lund-Johansen P et al:Randomised trial of effects of calcium antagonists compared with diuretics and-blockers on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Nordic Diltiazem (NORDIL) study. Lancet 356:359-365, 2000
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P.347 掲載の参考文献

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• 5) Lithell H, Hansson L, Skoog I et al:The Study on Cognition and Prognosis in the Elderly (SCOPE):principal results of a randomized double-blind interventional trial. J Hypertens 21:875-886, 2003

• 6) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomized trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
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• 7) Verdecchia P, Porcellati C, Reboldi G et al:Left ventricular hypertrophy as an independent predictor of acute cerebrovascular events in essential hypertension. Circulation 104:2039-2044, 2001
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• 3) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38. BMI 317:703-713, 1998

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• 5) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
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• 6) American Diabetes Association:Treatment of hypertension In adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care 25 (Suppl 1):71 S-73 S, 2002

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• 8) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Borch-Johnsen K et al:Risk of new-onset diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For End point reduction inhypertension study. J Hypertens 20:1879-1886, 2002

• 9) Hansson L, Lindholm LH, Niskanen L et al:Effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition compared with conventional therapy on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hypertension:the Captopril Prevention Project (CAPPP) randomised trial. Lancet 353:611-616, 1999

• 10) Yusuf S, Gerstein H, Hoogwerf B et al:Ramipril and the development of diabetes. J JAMA 4286:1882-1885, 2001

P.357 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) Pitt B, Poole-Wilson PA, Segal R et al:Effect of losartan compared with captopril on mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failure:randomised trial-the losartan heart failure survival study ELITE II. Lancet 355:1582-1587, 2000
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• 3) Dickstein K, Kjekshus J, OPTIMAAL Steering Committee of the OPTIMAAL Study Group:Effects of losartan and captopril on mortality and morbidity in high-risk patients after acute myocardial infarction:the OPTIMAAL randomised trial. Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan. Lancet 360:752-760, 2002

• 4) Pitt B, Segal R, Martinez FA et al:Randomised trial of losartan versus captopril in patients over 65 with heart failure (evaluation of losartan in the elderly study, ELITE) . Lancet 349:747-752, 1997
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• 5) The RESOLVD investigators:Effects of metoprolol CR in patients with ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy:the randomized evaluation of strategies for left ventricular dysfunction pilot study. Circulation 101:378-384, 2000

• 6) Mc Murray JJ, Ostergren J, Swedberg K et al:Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-coverting-enzyme inhibitor:the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet 362:767-771, 2003

P.362 掲載の参考文献

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• 5) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, De Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
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• 6) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effects of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001
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• 7) Parving HH, Lehnert H, Brochner-Mortensen J et al:The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:870-878, 2001
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• 9) 黒川 清, 伊藤貞嘉:糖尿病を合併した高血圧患者の治療はどうあるべきか (対談) . 医薬ジャーナル 38:156-163, 2002

P.368 掲載の参考文献

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Part 8 ● レニン・アンジオテンシン系の可能性をみる

P.380 掲載の参考文献

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• 11) Liu J, Yang F, Yang XP et al:NAD (P) H oxidase mediates angiotensin II-induced vascular macrophage infiltration and medial hypertrophy. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23:776-782, 2003

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• 13) Sadoshima J:Novel ATI receptor-independent functions of losartan. Circ Res 90:754-756, 2002

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P.387 掲載の参考文献

• 1) UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group:Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes:UKPDS 38. BMI 38:703-713, 1998

• 2) Bakris GL, Williams M, Dworkin L et al:Preserving renal function in adults with hypertension and diabetes:a consensus approach. National Kidney Foundation Hypertension and Diabetes Executive Committees Working Group. Am J Kidney Dis 36:646-661, 2000

• 3) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med 345:861-869, 2001
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• 4) Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR et al:Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients2. 糖尿病におけるAII受容体拮抗薬の役割 with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 345:851-860, 2001

• 5) Schwartz RS:Paul Ehrlich:s Receptor Immunology:The Magnificent Obsession. N Engl J Med 346:870-871, 2001

• 6) Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D et al:The losartan renal protection study-rationale, study design and baseline characteristics of RENAAL (Reduction of Endpoints in NIDDM with the Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan) . J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 1:328-335, 2000
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• 7) Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:995-1003, 2002
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• 8) Kjeldsen SE, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Effects of losartan on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with isolated systolic hypertension and left ventricular hypertrophy:a Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction (LIFE) substudy. JAMA 288:1491-1498, 2002
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• 9) Lindholm LH, Ibsen H, Dahlof B, Devereux RB et al:Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE):a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 359:1004-1010, 2002
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• 10) Lindholm LH, Dahlof B, Edelman JM et al:Effect of losartan on sudden cardiac death in people with diabetes:data from the LIFE study. Lancet 362:1004-1010, 2003

• 11) The ALLHAT Officers and Coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group:Major Outcomes in High-Risk Hypertensive Patients Randomized to Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Calcium Channel Blocker vs Diuretic:The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALL-HAT) . IAMA 288:2981-2997, 2002