書籍詳細

Part 1 GERDの定義と疾患の特徴

P.5 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Dent J, Brun J, Fendrick AM et al:An evidence-based appraisal of reflux disease management--the Genval Workshop Report. Gut 44 (suppl2):S 1-S 16, 1999

• 2) GERD研究会:GERDガイドラインワークショップレポート2002, GERD研究会編, 2002

• 3) Dent J, Armstrong D, Delaney B et al:Symptom evaluation in reflux disease:workshop background, processes, terminology, recommendations, and discussion outputs. Gut 53 (suppl 4):iv1-iv2, 2004

• 4) Armstrong D, Bennett JR, Blum AL et al:The endoscopic assessment of esophagitis:a progress report on observer agreement. Gastroenterology 111:85-92, 1996
  pubmed

• 5) Lundell LR, Dent J, Bennett JR et al:Endoscopic assessment of oesophagitis:clinical and functional correlates and further validation of the Los Angeles classification. Gut 45:172-180, 1999

• 6) 食道炎の内視鏡診断基準, 食道疾患研究会編:金原出版, 東京, 1973

• 7) In:The Esophagus HandBook and Atlas of endoscopy, ed. by Sassman AG, Solothurn, Switzerland, 1978

• 8) 星原芳雄:GERDの診断 (3) 内視鏡診断と分類. 臨消内科 11:1563-1568, 1996

• 9) van Pinxteren B, Numans ME, Bonis PA et al:Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists and pro-kinetics for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD 002095, 2001

• 10) Clouse RE, Richter JE, Heading RC et al:Functional esophageal disorders. Gut 45 (suppl 2):II 31-II 36, 1999

• 11) Johnson DA, Fennerty MB:Heartburn severity underestimates erosive esophagitis severity in elderly patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 126:660-664, 2004
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PART 2 わが国におけるGERD治療の現状と課題

P.14 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Maekawa T, Kinoshita Y, Okada A et al:Relationship between severity and symptoms of reflux oesophagitis in elderly patients in Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:927-930, 1998
  pubmed

• 2) Kinoshita Y, Kawanami C, Kishi K et al:Helicobacter Pylori independent chronological change in gastric acid secretion in the Japanese. Gut 41:452-458, 1997
  pubmed

• 3) Chen SD, Kao CH,Chang CS et al:Salivary function in patients with reflux esophagitis:effect of cisapride. J Nucl Med 39:1449-1452, 1998
  pubmed

• 4) Pehlivanov N, Sarosiek I, Whitman R et al:Effect of cisapride on nocturnal transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and nocturnal gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with oesophagitis:a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:743-747, 2002
  pubmed

• 5) Hatlebakk JG, Hyggen A, Madsen PH et al:Heartburn treatment in primary care:randomaised blined study for 8 weeks. BMJ 319:550-553:1999

PART 3 GERDの発症機序と病態生理

P.19 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 神津照雄:解剖. 逆流性食道炎, 常岡健二監修, 分光堂, 東京, 1988, pp. 9-14

• 2) 星原芳雄:内視鏡診断と分類. GERDの診断と治療-GERDの臨床と今日的意義-, 木暮喬, 星原芳雄編, 常岡健二監修, メディカルレビュー社, 東京, 1999, pp. 62-68

• 3) 日本食道疾患研究会分類96. 日本食道疾患研究会活動報告集, 日本食道疾患研究会事務局, 千葉, 1996

• 4) 神津照雄, 村島正泰:病因 3. 筋電図. 逆流性食道炎, 常岡健二監修, 分光堂, 東京, 1988, pp. 43-49

• 5) 神津照雄:逆流性食道炎-びらん潰瘍型を中心に-. クリニシャン 50:525, 969-978, 2003

P.26 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 岩切勝彦, 坂本長逸:食道運動機能からみた胃食道逆流症の病態. 日消誌 100:1084-1094, 2003
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• 2) Schoeman MN, Tippet MD, Akkermans LM et al:Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in ambulant healthy human subjects. Gastroenterology 108:83-91, 1995

• 3) Dodds WJ, Dent J, Hogan WJ et al:Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in patients with reflux esophagitis. N Engl J Med 307:1547-1552, 1982

• 4) Dent J, Holloway RH, Toouli J et al:Mechanisms of lower esophageal sphincter incompetence in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Gut 29:1020-1028, 1988

• 5) Mittal RK, McCallum RW:Characteristics and frequency of transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter in patients with reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 95:593-599, 1988
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• 6) Dodds WJ, Kahrilas PJ, Dent J et al:Analysis of spontaneous gastroesophageal reflux and esophageal acid clearance in patients with reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Motil 2:79-89, 1990

• 7) Sifrim D, Holloway R, Silny J et al:Composition of the postprandial refluxate in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 96:647-655, 2001
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• 8) Mittal RK, Holloway RH, Penagini R et al:Transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 109:601-610, 1995
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• 9) Mittal RK, Fisher MJ:Electrical and mechanical inhibition of the crural diaphragm during transient relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 99:1265-1268, 1990
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• 10) Hayashi Y, Iwakiri K, Kotoyori M et al:Mechanisms of gastroesophageal reflux in Japan:the rate of acid reflux during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (TLESR) is very low, compared with that reported from Western countries. Gastroenterology 124:A-412, 2003

• 11) Lidums I, Lehmann A, Checklin H et al:Control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA-B agonist baclofen in normal human subjects. Gastroenterology 118:7-13, 2000

• 12) Zhang Q, Lehmann A, Rigda R et al:Control of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA-B agonist baclofen in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 50:19-24, 2002

• 13) Holloway RH, Hongo M, Berger K et al:Gastric distention:a mechanism for post-prandial reflux. Gastroenterology 89:779-784, 1985
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• 14) Wyman JB, Dent J, Heddle R et al:Control of belching by the lower oesophageal sphincter. Gut 31:639-646, 1990

• 15) Holloway R, Kocyan FP, Dent J et al:Provocation of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations by meals in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Dig Dis Sci 36:1034-1039, 1991

• 16) Penagini R, Bartesaghi B, Conte D et al:Rate of transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations of healthy humans after eating a mixed nutrient meal:time course and comparison with fasting. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 4:35-38, 1992

• 17) Franzi SJ, Martin CJ, Cox MR et al:Response of canine lower esophageal sphincter to gastric distension. Am J Physiol 259:G380-G385, 1990
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• 18) Iwakiri K, Kobayashi M, Kotoyori M et al:Relationship between postprandial esophageal acid exposure and meal volume and fat content. Dig Dis Sci 41:926-930, 1996
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• 19) Becker DJ, Sinclair J, Castell DO et al:A comparison of high and low fat meals on postpradial esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol 84:782-786, 1989

• 20) Holloway RH, Lyrenas E, Ireland A et al:Effect of intraduodenal fat on lower oesophageal sphincter function and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Gut 42:449-453, 1998

• 21) Penagini R, Mangano M, Bianchi PA:Effect of increasing the fat content but not the energy load of a meal on gastro-oesophageal reflux and lower oesophageal sphincter motor function. Gut 42:330-333, 1998
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• 22) Freidin N, Mittal RK, McCallum RW et al:Does body posture affect the incidence and mechanism of gastro-oesophageal reflux? Gut 32:133-136, 1991
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• 23) Dent J, Dodds WJ, Friedman RH et al:Mechanism of gastroesophageal reflux in recumbent asymptomatic subjects. J Clin Invest 65:256-267, 1980

• 24) Freidin N, Fisher MJ, Taylor W et al:Sleep and nocturnal acid reflux in normal subjects and patients with reflux oesophagitis. Gut 32:1275-1279, 1991
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• 25) Cox MR, Martin CJ, Dent J et al:Effect of general anaesthesia on transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in the dog. Aist NZ J Surg 58:825-830, 1988

• 26) Kahrilas PJ, Shi G, Manka M et al:Increased frequency of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation induced by gastric distention in reflux patients with hiatal hernia. Gastroenterology 118:688-695, 2000
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• 27) Van Herwaarden MA, Samson M, Smout AJ:Excess gastroesophageal reflux in patients with hiatus hernia is caused by mechanisms other than transient LES relaxations. Gastroenterology 119:1439-1446, 2000

• 28) Martin CJ, Patrikios J, Dent J:Abolition of gas reflux and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation by vagal blockade in the dog. Gastroenterology 91:890-896, 1986

• 30) Neuhuber WL:Sensory vagal innervation of the rat esophagus and cardia:a light and electron microscopic anterograde tracing study. J Auton Nerv Syst 20:243-255, 1987

• 31) Altschuler SM, Bao XM, Bieger D et al:Viscerotopic representation of the upper alimentary tract in the rat:sensory ganglia and nuclei of the solitary and spinal trigeminal tracts.J Comp Neurol 283:248-268, 1989
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• 32) Kalia M, Sullivan JM:Brainstem projections of sensory and motor components of the vagus nerve in the rat. J Comp Neurol 211:248-265, 1982

• 33) Barber WD, Burks TF:Brain stem response to phasic gastric distension. Am J Physiol 245:G242-G248, 1983
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• 34) Rinaman L, Card JP, Schwaber JS et al:Ultrastructural demonstration of a gastric monosynaptic vagal circuit in the nucleus of the solitary tract in rat. J Neuosci 9:1985-1996, 1989

• 35) Hopkins DA:Ultrastructure and synaptology of the nucleus ambiguus in the rat:the compact formation. J Comp Neurol 360:705-725, 1995
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• 36) Sang Q, Goyal RK:Lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and activation of medullary neurons by subdiaphragmatic vagal stimulation in the mouse. Gastroenterology 119:1600-1609, 2000
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• 37) Mittal RK, Balaban DH:The esophagogastric junction. N Engl J Med 336:924-932, 1997
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• 38) Mittal RK, Holloway RH, Dent J et al:Effect of atropine on the frequency of reflux and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation in normal subjects. Gastroenterology 109:1547-1554, 1995

• 39) Lidums I, Checklin H, Mittal RK et al:Effect of atropine on gastro-oesophageal reflux and transient lower oesophageal sphincter relaxations in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 43:12-16, 1998
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• 40) Mittal RK, Chiareli C, Liu J et al:Atropine inhibits gastric distention and pharyngeal receptor mediated lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation. Gut 41:285-290, 1997

• 41) Boulant J, Mathieu S, D:Amato M et al:Cholecystokinin in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation due to gastric distension in man. Gut 40:575-581, 1997

• 42) Boeckxstaens GE, Hirsch DP, Fakhry N et al:Involvement of cholecystokinin-A receptors in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations triggered by gastric distension. Am J Gastroenterol 93:1823-1828, 1998
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• 43) Balckshaw LA, Staunton E, Dent J et al:Mechanisms of gastro-oesophageal reflux in the ferret. Neurogastroenterol Motil 10:49-56, 1998

• 44) Zerbib F, Bruley DV, Scarpignato C et al:Endogenous cholecystokinin in postprandial lower esophageal sphincter function and fundic tone in humans. Am J Physiol 275:G 1266-G 1273, 1998

• 45) Lidums I, Hebbard GS, Holloway RH et al:Effect of atropine on proximal gastric motor and sensory function in normal subjects. Gut 47:30-36, 2000
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• 46) Lehmann A, Antonsson M, Bremner-Danielsen M et al:Activation of the GABA-B receptor inhibits transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in dogs. Gastroenterology 117:1147-1154, 1999
  pubmed

• 47) Boulant J, Fioramonti J, Dapoigby M et al:Cholecystokinin and nitric oxide in transient lower esophageal relaxation to gastric distension in dog. Gastroenterology 107:1059-1066, 1994

• 48) Hirsch DP, Holloway RH, Tytgat GN et al:Involvement of nitric oxide in human transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and esophageal primary peristalsis. Gastroenterolgy 115:1374-1380, 1998

• 49) Hirsch DP, Tiel-Van Buul MM, Tytgat GN et al:Effect of L-NMMA on post-prandial transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 45:2069-2075, 2000
  pubmed

• 29 Staunton E, Smid SD, Dent J et al:Triggering of transient LES relaxations in ferrets:role of sympathetic pathways and effects of baclofen. Am J Physiol 279:G 157-G 162, 2000

• 50) Penagini R, Bianchi PA:Effect of morphine on gastroesophageal reflux and transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. Gastroenterology 113:409-414, 1997
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• 51) Hornby P:How are transient LES relaxations triggered? In:The esophagogastric junction, eds. by Guili R, Galmiche J-P, Jamieson GG et al, Eurotext, Paris, 1988, pp. 62-72

• 52) Clave P, Gonzalez A, Moreno A et al:Endogenous cholecystokinin enhances postprandial gastroesophageal reflux in humans through extrasphincteric receptors. Gastroenterology 115:597-604, 1998

• 53) Allocca M, Mangano M, Colombo P et al:Does loperamide decrease gastroesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease? Gastroenterology 116:A 111, 1999

• 54) Koerselman J, Pursnani KG, Peghini P et al:Different effects of an oral anticholinergic drug on gastroesophageal reflux in upright and supine position in normal, ambulant subjects:a pilot study. Am J Gastroenterol 94:925-930, 1999
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• 55) Helm JF, Dodds WJ, Pelc LR et al:Effect of esophageal emptying and saliva on clearance of acid from the esophagus. N Engl J Med 310:284-288, 1984
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• 56) Straathhof JW, Tielman S, Lamers CBHW et al:Somatostatin prevents meal induced alterations in lower esophageal sphincter function. Gut 39 (supple 3):445, 1996

• 57) Torrealba F, Muller C:Ultrastructure of glutamate and GABA immunoreactive axon terminals of the rat nucleus tractus solitarius, with a note on infralimbic cortex afferents. Brain Res 820:20-30, 1999
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• 58) Blackshaw LA, Staunton E, Lehmann A et al:Inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in ferrets by GABA-B receptor agonists. Am J Physiol 277:G 867-G 874, 1999

• 59) Van Herwaarden MA, Samsom M, Rydholm H et al:The effect of baclofen on gastro-oesophageal reflux, lower oesophageal sphincter function and reflux symptoms in patients with reflux disease. Aliment Pharm Ther 16:1655-1662, 2002

• 60) Ishikawa H, Iwakiri K, Sugiura T et al:Effect of nifedipine administration (10mg) on esophageal acid exposure time. J Gastroenterol 35:43-46, 2000

• 61) Dent J, Dodds WJ, Sekiguchi T et al:Interdigestive phasic contractions of the human lower esophageal sphincter. Gastroenterology 84:453-460, 1983

P.34 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Amano K, Adachi K, Katsube T et al:Role of hiatus hernia and gastric mucosal atrophy in the development of reflux esophagitis in the elderly. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16:132-136, 2001
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• 2) Adachi K, Fujishiro H, Katsube T et al:Predominant nocturnal acid reflux in patients with Los Angeles grade C and D reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16:1191-1196, 2001

• 3) Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ, Helm JF et al:Pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 81:376-394, 1981
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• 4) Orlando RC:Oesophageal mucosal resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 12:191-197, 1998
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• 5) Sonnenberg A, Steinkamp U, Weise A et al:Salivary secretion in reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 83:889-895, 1982
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• 6) Helm JF, Dodds WJ, Hogan WJ et al:Acid neutralizing capacity of human saliva. Gastroenterology 83:69-74, 1982
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• 7) Kao CH, Ho YJ, ChangLai SP et al:Evidence for decreased salivary function in patients with reflux esophagitis. Digestion 60:191-195, 1999
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• 8) Quigley EM, Turnberg LA:pH of the microclimate lining human gastric and duodenal mucosa in vivo. Studies in control subjects and in duodenal ulcer patients. Gastroenterology 92:1876-1884, 1987
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• 9) Orlando RC:Esophageal epithelial resistance. In:Gastroesophageal reflux disease:Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, therapy, eds. by Castell DO, Wu WC, Ott DJ, Futura, Mount Kisco NY, 1985, pp. 55-79

• 10) Khalbuss WE, Marousis CG, Subramanyam M et al:Effect of HCl on transmembrane potentials and intracellular pH in rabbit esophageal epithelium. Gastroenterology 108:662-672, 1995
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• 11) Orlando RC, Lacy ER, Tobey NA et al:Barriers to paracellular permeability in rabbit esophageal epithelium. Gastroentorology 102:910-923, 1992

• 12) Tobey NA, Powell DW, Schreiner VJ et al:Serosal bicarbonate protects against acid injury to rabbit esophagus. Gastroenterology 96:1466-1477, 1989
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• 13) Tobey NA, Reddy SP, Khalbuss WE et al:Na+-dependent and-independent Cl/HCO3 exchangers in cultured rabbit esophageal epithelial cells. Gastroenterology 104:185, 1993
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• 14) Tobey NA, Reddy SP, Keku TO et al:Studies of pHi in rabbit esophageal basal and squamous epithelial cells in culture. Gastroenterology 103:830-839, 1992
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• 15) Layden TJ, Schmidt L, Agnone L et al:Rabbit esophageal cell cytoplasmic pH regulation:role of Na/H antiport and Na-dependent HCO3 transport systems. Am J Physiol 263:G407-G413, 1993

• 16) Tobey NA, Powell DW, Schreiner VJ et al:Serosal bicarbonate protects against acid injury to rabbit esophagus. Gastroenterology 96:1466-1477, 1989
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• 17) Bass BL, Schweitzer DJ, Harmon JW et al:H+back diffusion interferes with intrinsic reactive regulation of esophageal blood flow. Surgery 96:404-413, 1984

• 18) Hollwarth ME, Smith M, Kvietys PR et al:Esophageal blood flow in the cat. Normal distribution and effects of acid perfusion. Gastroenterology 90:622-627, 1986
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• 19) DeBacker A, Haentijens P, Willems G:Hydrochloric acid:atrigger of cell proliferation in the esophagus of dogs. Dig Dis Sci 30:884-890, 1985

• 20) Livstone EM, Sheahan DG, Behar J:Studies of esophageal epithelial cell proliferation in patients with reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 73:1315, 1977
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• 21) Orlando RC:Why is the high grade inhibition of gastric acid secretion afforded by proton pump inhibitors often required for healing of reflux esophagitis? An epithelial perspective. Am J Gastroenrol 91:1692-1696, 1996

P.40 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Kinoshita Y, Kawanami C, Kishi K et al:Helicobacter Pylori independent chronological change in gastric acid secretion in the Japanese population. Gut 41:452-458, 1997
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• 2) 浅野健, 高安博之, 榊原建一ほか:逆流性食道炎における食道・胃機能の検討. J Smooth Muscle Res 31:351-354, 1995

• 3) Matikainen M:Gastric acid secretion, oesophageal acid reflux, and oesophagitis in patients with symptomatic oesophageal reflux. Scand J Gastroenterol 16:1043, 1981
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• 4) Haruma K, Hamada M, Mihara M et al:Negative association between Helicobacter Pylori infection and reflux esophagitis in older patients:case-control study in Japan. Helicobacter 5:24-29, 2000

• 5) 原澤茂:GERDと消化管運動. Modern Physician 19:1491-1496, 1999

• 6) Gardner JD, Sloan S, Miner PB Jr et al:Meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion and integrated gastric acidity in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:945-953, 2003

• 7) 柴田晴通, 原澤茂, 三輪剛:逆流性食道炎の病態, 胃排出能の面からの検討. 日内会誌74:1522-1528, 1985

• 8) 加嶋敬:臨床における消化管運動機能検査の役割:現況と将来. Gastroenterol Endosc 43:1983-1996, 2001

• 9) 鈴木剛, 高橋秀和, 西村秀司ほか:GERD症例における内視鏡的重症度による胃運動機能評価-造影剤含有カプセル法を用いて-. Jpn Pharmacol Ther 31:177-179, 2003

• 10) Schwizer W, Hinder RA, DeMeester TR:Does delayed gastric emptying contribute to gastroesophageal reflux disease? Am J Surg 157:74-81, 1989
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PART 4 GERD診断のコンセンサス

P.54 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Savary M, Miller G:In:The esophagus Handbook and Atlas of Endoscopy, ed. by Sassman AG, Solothurn, Switzerland, 1978, p. 135

• 2) Carlsson R, Dent J, Bolling-Stemevald E et al:The usefulness of a structured questionnaire in the assessment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:1023-1029, 1998

• 3) 吉田智治, 沖田極, 原田稔也ほか:逆流性食道炎の診断における患者記入式アンケート(QUEST)の有用性の検討. 臨と研 76:185-192, 1999
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• 4) Numans ME, de Wit NJ:Reflux symptoms in general practice:diagnostic evaluation of the Carlsson-Dent gastro-oesophageal reflux disease questionnaire. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:1049-1055, 2003
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• 5) Schenk BE, Kuipers EJ, Klinkenberg-Knol EC et al:Omeprazole as a diagnostic tool in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 92:1997-2000, 1997
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• 6) Carlsson R, Dent J, Watts R et al:Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in primary care:an international study of different treatment strategies with omeprazole. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:119-124, 1998

• 7) Havelund T, Lind T, Wiklund I et al:Quality of life in patients with heartburn but without esophagitis:effects of treatment with omeprazole. Am J Gastroenterol 94:1782-1789, 1999
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• 8) Galmiche J-P, Barthelemy P, Hamelin B:Treating the symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease:a double-blind comparison of omeprazole and cisapride. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 11:765-773, 1997
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• 9) Richter JE, Campbell DR, Kahrilas PJ et al:Lansoprazole compared with ranitidine for the treatment of nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Arch Intern Med 160:1803-1809, 2000
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• 10) Richter JE, Peura D, Benjamin SB et al:Efficacy of omeprazole for the treatment of symptomatic acid reflux disease without esophagitis. Arch Intern Med 160:1810-1816, 2000
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• 11) Miner P Jr, Orr W, Filippone J et al:Rabeprazole in nonerosive gastroesophageal reflux disease:a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Gtzstroenterol 97:1332-1339, 2002

• 12) Armstrong D, Bennet JR, Blum AL et al:The endoscopic assessment of esophagitis:a progress report observer agreement. Gastroenterology 111:85-92, 1996

• 13) 星原芳雄:Endoscopy negative gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD). クリニカ23:47-50, 1996

• 14) 幕内博康:C:内視鏡所見 2. ルゴール染色, 逆流性食道炎, 常岡健二監修, 文光堂, 東京, 1988, pp. 129-135

• 15) 星原芳雄:第三部食道, 第V章食道炎の診断. 色素・拡大内視鏡の最前線, 丹羽寛文, 井田和徳編:日本メディカルセンター, 東京, 1998, pp. 103-108

• 16) Endo T, Awakawa T, Takahashi H et al:Classification of Barrett's epithelium by magnifying endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 55:641-647, 2002

• 17) Ismail-Beigi F, Horton PF, Pope CE 2nd et al:Histological consequences of gastroesophageal reflux in man. Gastroenterology 58:163-174, 1970
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• 18) Kobayashi S, Kasugai T:Endoscopic and biopsy criteria for the diagnosis of esophagitis with a fiberoptic esophagoscope. Am J Dig Dis 19:345-352, 1974

• 19) Fass R, Mackel C, Sampliner RE:24-hour pH monitoring in symptomatic patients without erosive esophagitis who did not respond to antireflux treatment. J Clin Gastroenterol 19:97-99, 1994
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• 20) Ghillebert G, Demeyere AM, Janssens J et al:How well can quantitative 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring distinguish various degrees of reflux disease? Dig Dis Sci 40:1317-1324, 1995
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P.59 掲載の参考文献

• 1) 食道炎の内視鏡診断基準, 食道疾患研究会編:金原出版, 東京, 1973

• 2) Savary M, Miller G:In:The Esophagus Hand Book and Atlas of Endoscopy, ed. by sassmann AG, Solothurn, Switzerland, 1978, pp. 178-187

• 3) Armstrong D, Bennett JR, Blum AL et al:The endoscopic assessment of esophagitis:a progress report on observer agreement. Gastroenterology 111:85-92, 1996
  pubmed

• 4) 星原芳雄:内視鏡診断と分類. GERDの診断と治療 -GERDの臨床と今日的意義-木暮喬, 星原芳雄編, 常岡健二監修, メディカルレビュー社, 東京, 1999, pp. 62-68

• 5) 青木照明, 川浦幸光, 神津照雄:Barrett食道(上皮)の定義検討委員会. 日本食道疾患研究会委員会報告(1999年). 日本食道疾患研究会研究調整委員会編, 2000, pp. 20-23

• 6) 谷内昭, 矢花剛, 得地茂ほか:逆流性食道炎に対するE3810の臨床的評価. Modern Physician 14:124-136, 1994

P.66 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Carlsson R, Dent J, Bolling-Sternevald E et al:The usefulness of a structured questionnaire in the assessment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:1023-1029, 1998

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PART 5 GERDの治療ストラテジーとその根拠

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P.123 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) Mittal RK, Holloway R, Dent J:Effect of atropine on the frequency of reflux and transient lower esophageal sphincter in normal subjects. Gastroenterology 109:1547-1554, 1995

• 3) Boeckxstaens GE, Hirsch DP, Fakry N et al:Involvement of cholecystokinine A receptors in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation triggered by gastric distention. Am J Gastroenterol 93:1823-1828, 1998

• 4) Endogenous cholecystokinin enhances postprandial gastroesophageal reflux in humans through extrasphincteric receptors. Gastroenterology 115:597-604, 1998
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• 5) Hirsch DP, Mathus-Vliegen EM, Holloway RH et al:Role of CCK (A) receptors in postprandial lower esophageal sphincter function in morbidly obese sublects. Dig Dis Sci 47:2531-2537, 2002

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• 7) Allocca M, Mangano M, Colombo P et al:Does loperamide decrease gastro-esophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease?Gastroenterology 113:409-414, 1997

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• 9) Hirsch DP, Holloway RH, Tytgat GN et al:Involvement of nitric oxide in human transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gut 115:374-380, 1998

• 10) Lidumus I, Lehmann A, Checklin H et al:Control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and reflux by the GABA-B agonist baclofen in normal subjects. Gastroenterology 118:7-13, 2002

• 11) Zhang Q, Lehmann A, Rigda R et al:Control of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation and reflux by the GABA-B agonist baclofen in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease Gut 50:19-24, 2002

• 12) Ciccaglione AF, Marzio L:Effect of acute and chronic administration of the GABA-B agonist baclofen on 24 hour pH metry and symptoms in control subject and in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gut 52:464-470, 2003

• 13) O'Conner KW, Madison SA, Smith DJ et al:An experimental endoscopic technique for reversing gastroesophageal reflux in dogs by injecting inert material in the distal esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 30:275-280, 1984

• 14) O'Conner KW, Lehman GA:Endoscopic placement of collagen at the lower esophageal sphincter to inhibit gastroesophageal reflux:a pilot study of 10 medically intractable patients. Gastrointest Endosc 34:106-112, 1988

• 15) Ferretis C, Banakis P, Dimopoulos C et al:Endoscopic implantation of Plexiglas (PMMA) microspheres for the treatment of GERD. Gastrointest Endosc 53:423-426, 2001

• 16) Johnson DA, Ganz R, Aisenberg J et al:Endoscopic, Deep mural implantation of Enteryx for the treatment of GERD 6-month follow-up of a multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol 98:250-258, 2003
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• 17) Endoscopic implantation of enteryx for the treatment of GERD:12-month results of a prospective, multicenter trial. Am J Gastroenterol 98:1921-1930, 2003
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• 18) Fennerty MB:Endoscopic suturing for the treatment of GERD. Gastrointestinal Endosc 57:390-395, 2003

• 19) Swain CP, Millis TN:Aendoscopic sewing machine. Gastrointest Endosc 32:36-38, 1986

• 20) http://www.gerdinfo.com/pat_proc.cfm

• 21) Filipi CJ, Lehman GA, Rothstein RI et al:Transoral, flexible endoscopic suturing for treatment of GERD:a multicenter trial. Gastrointest Endosc 53:416-422, 2001

• 22) Mahmood Z, McMahon BP, Arfin Q:Endocinch therapy for gastrooesophageal reflux disease:a one year prospective follow up. Gut 52:34-39, 2003
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• 23) Rajiman I, Ben-Menachem T, Starpoli AA et al:Endoluminal gastroplication (ELGP) improves GERD symptoms with large hiatal hernia. Gastrointestinal Endosco 122:A679, 2002

• 24) Chuttani R, Sud R, Sachdev G et al:A Novel endoscopic full-thickness plicator for the treatment of GERD:a pilot study. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy 58:770-776, 2003

• 25) Triadafilopoulos G:Stretta:an effective, minimally invasive treatment for gastroesophageal disease. Am J Med 115 (suppl 3 A):192S-200S, 2003

• 26) Corley DA, Katz P, Wo J et al:Improvement of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms after radiofrequency energy:a randomized, sham-controlled trial. Gastroenterology 125:970-973, 2003

PART 6 GERD治療における診療のポイント

P.131 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) Maekawa T, Kinoshita Y, Okada A et al:Relationship between severity and symptoms of reflux oesophagitis in elderly patients in Japan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 13:927-930, 1998
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• 3) Katsube T, Adachi K, Kawamura A et al:Helicobacter Pylori infection influences nocturnal gastric acid breakthrough. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14:1049-1056, 2000
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• 4) 木下芳一, 足立経一, 河村朗:PPI長期投与とNocturnal Gastric Acid Breakthrough. 臨消内科 17:201-208, 2002

• 5) 勝部知子, 足立経一, 小野正博ほか:有症状胃食道逆流症(GERD)に対するラベプラゾールを用いたPPIテストの有用性に関する検討. 臨研 78:1721-1724, 2001

• 6) Adachi K, Hashimoto T, Hamamoto N et al:Symptom relief in patients with reflux esophagitis:comparatie study of omeprazole, Lansoprazole and rabeprazole J Gastroenterol Hepatol 18:1392-1398, 2003

• 7) Tam W, Dent J:Oesophageal disorders:future developments. Best Practice Res Clin Gastroenterol 16:811-813, 2002

• 8) Spechler SJ, Lee E, Ahnen D et al:Longterm outcome of medical and surgical therapies for gastroesophageal reflux disease. JAMA 285:2331-2338, 2001
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• 9) Adachi K, Fujishiro H, Katsube T et al:Predominant nocturnal acid reflux in patients with Los Angeles grade C and D reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 16:1191-1196, 2001

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• 3) Locke GR 3rd, Talley NJ, Fett SL et al:Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux:a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 112:1448-1456, 1997
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• 4) Graham DY, Smith JL, Patterson DJ:Why do apparently healthy people use antacid tablets? Am J Gastroenterol 78:257-260, 1983
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• 5) Okamoto K, Iwakiri R, Mori M et al:Clinical symptoms in endoscopic reflux esophagitis:evaluation in 8031 adult subjects. Dig Dis Sci 48:2237-2241, 2003
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• 6) Ware JE Jr, Sherbourne CD:The MOS 36-item short form health survey (SF-36). Med Care 30:473-481, 1992
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• 7) Dimenas E, Hallerback B, Hernquvist H et al:Well being and gastrointestinal symptoms among patients referred to Endoscopy owing to suspected duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 30:1046-1052, 1995

• 8) Svedlund J, Sjodin I, Dotevall G:GSRS-a clinical rating scale for gastrointestinal symptoms and in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and peptic ulcer disease. Dig Dis Sci 33:129-134, 1988
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• 9) Duppy HJ:The Psychological Well-Being (PGWB) Index. In:Assessment of Quality of Life in Clinical Trials of Cardio vascular Thermpies, eds. by Wengeron NK, Mattson ME, Furberg CF et al, Le Jacq Publishing, USA, 1984, pp. 170-184

• 10) Dimenas E:Methodological aspect of evaluation of quality of life in upper gastrointestinal diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol 28 (suppl):18-21, 1993

• 11) Dimenas E, Carlson G, Glise H et al:Relevance of norm values as part of the documentation of quality of life instruments for use in upper gastrointestinal diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol 31 (suppl 221):8-13, 1996

• 12) Carlsson R, Dent J, Bolling-Sternvald E et al:The usefulness of a structured questionnaire in the assessment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:1023-1029, 1998

• 13) 永野公一, 久保光彦, 近藤守孝ほか:GERDの診断に関する研究-上部消化管症状に訴える患者におけるアンケート(QUEST)による検討-. 新薬と臨 47:841-851, 1998

• 14) Velanovich V, Vallance SR, Gusz JR et al:Quality of life scale for gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Am Coll Surg 183:217-224, 1996
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• 15) Chal KL, Stacy JH, Sacks GE:The effect of ranitidine on symptom relief and quality of life of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Br J Clin Pract 9:73-77, 1995

• 16) Revicki DA, Wood MW, Wiklund I et al:Reliability and validity of the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale in patients with gastrointestinal reflux disease. Qual Life Res 7:75-83, 1998

• 17) Chiba N, De Gara CJ, Wilkinson M et al:Speed and healing symptom relief in grade II to IV gastrointestinal reflux disease:A meta-analysis. Gastroenterology 112:1798-1810, 1997

• 18) Johanson JF, Siddique R, Damiano AM et al:Rabeprazole improves health-related quality of life in patients with erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci 47:2574-2578, 2002
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• 19) Mathias SD, Castell DO, Elkin EP et al:Health related quality of life of patients with acute erosive reflux esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 41:2123-2129, 1996
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• 20) Watson RGP, Tham TCK, Johnston BT et al:Double blind cross-over controlled study of omeprazole in the treatment of patients with reflux symptoms and physiological levels of acid reflux-the "sensitive oeso-phagitis". Gut 40:587-590, 1997

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• 28) Granderath FA, Kamolz T, Schweiger UM et al:Quality of life, surgical outcome, and patient satisfaction three years after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. World J Surg 26:1234-1238, 2002
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• 3) Furukawa N, Iwakiri R, Koyama T et al:Proportion of reflux esophagitis in 6010 Japanese adult:prospective evaluation by endoscopy. J Gastroenterol 34:441-444, 1999
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• 4) 植竹智義, 柴田直樹, 大沢明彦:過去10年間の胃食道逆流症の発症率の変化とその特徴. 消化器科 30:139-143, 2000

• 5) Dimenas E, Glise H, Hallerback B et al:Well-Being and Gastrointestinal Symptom among patient referred to endoscopy owing to suspected duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol 30:1046-1052, 1995
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• 6) Fass R, Ofman JJ:Gastroesophageal reflux disease-should we adopt a new conceptual framework? Am J Gastroenterol 97:1901-1909, 2002
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• 7) Fass R, Naliboff B, Higa L et al:Differential effect of long-term esophageal acid exposure on mechanosensitivity and chemosensitivity in humans. Gastroenterology 115:1363-1373, 1998
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• 8) Bytzer P:Goals of therapy and guidelines for treatment success in symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (suppl):S31-S39, 2003

• 9) Manabe N, Haruma K, Mihara M:The increasing incidence of reflux esophagitis during the past 20 years in Japan. Gastroenterology 166:A244, 1999

• 10) Manabe N, Yoshihara M, Sasaki A et al:Clinical characteristics and natural history of patients with low-grade reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:949-954, 2002
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• 11) Fass R:Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Symptomatic Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease. Am J Gastroenterol 98 (suppl):S2-S7, 2003

• 12) O'Leary C, McCarthy J, Humphries M et al:The prophylactic use of a proton pump inhibitor before food and alcohol. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:683-686, 2003
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• 13) Ofman JJ, Dorn GH, Fennerty MB et al:The clinical and economic impact of competing management strategies for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:261-273, 2002
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• 14) You JH, Lee AC, Wong SC et al:Low-dose or standard-dose proton pump inhibitors for maintenance therapy of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease:a cost-effectiveness analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:785-792, 2003
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• 15) Johnson DA, Benjamin SB, Vakil NB et al:Esomeprazole once daily for 6 months is effective therapy for maintaining healed erosive esophagitis and for controlling gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms:a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety. Am J Gastroenterol 96:27-33, 2001
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• 16) Bardhan KD:Intermittent and on-demand use of proton pump inhibitors in the management of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol (suppl):S40-S48, 2003

• 17) Talley NJ, Venables TL, Green JR et al:Esomeprazole 40 mg and 20 mg is efficacious in the long-term management of patients with endoscopy-negative gastro-oesophageal reflux disease:a placebo-controlled trial of on-demand therapy for 6 months. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 14:857-863, 2002

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PART 7 GERD診療のQ&A

P.145 掲載の参考文献

• 1) Dimenas E:Methological aspects of evaluation of quality of life in upper gastrointestinal disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 28:18-21, 1993

• 2) Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A et al:Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 340:825-831, 1999
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• 3) 鈴木孝, 服部和彦:食道炎の頻度と臨床像. 日消誌 74:1447, 1977

• 4) 土谷春仁, 多賀須幸男:IV. 疫学. 常岡健二監修, 文光堂, 東京, 1988, pp. 101-109

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• 6) Haruma K, Okamoto S, Kawaguchi H et al:Reduced incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in young Japanese persons between the 1970 s and the 1990 s. J Clin Gastroenterol 25:583-586, 1997

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• 2) Fraser AG:Gastro-esophageal reflux and laryngeal Symptoms. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 8:265-272, 1994
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• 3) Richter JE, Bradley LA, Castell DO:Esophageal chest pain:current controversies in pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy. Ann Intern Med 110:66-78, 1989
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• 4) Harding SM, Richter JE:The role of gastroesophageal reflux in chronic cough and asthma. Chest 111:1389-1402, 1997
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• 2) Haruma K, Okamoto S, Kawaguchi H et al:Reduced incidence of Helicobacter pylori infection in young Japanese persons between the 1970 s and the 1990 s. J Clin Gastroenterol 25:583-586, 1997

P.155 掲載の参考文献

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• 5) 荒川哲男, 樋口和秀, 藤原靖弘ほか:胃食道逆流症-GERDの症状. Mebio 16:42-45, 1999

• 6) Spechler SJ, Jain SK, Tendler DA et al:Racial differences in the frequency of symptoms and complications of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 16:1795-1800, 2002
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• 7) Carlsson R, Dent J, Bolling-Sternevald E et al:The usefulness of a structured questionnaire in the assessment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:1023-1029, 1998

• 8) 永野公一, 久保光彦, 後藤守孝ほか:GERDの診断に関する研究-上部消化管症状を訴える患者におけるアンケート(QUEST)による検討-. 新薬と臨床 47:841-851, 1998

P.158 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) Raghunath A, Hungin AP, Wooff D et al:Prevalence of Helicobacter Pylori in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease:systematic review. BMI 326:737-739, 2003

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• 4) Hamada H, Haruma K, Mihara M et al:High incidence of reflux oesophagitis after eradication therapy for Helicobacter Pylori:impacts of hiatal hernia and corpus gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 14:729-735, 2000
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• 5) Koike T, Ohara S, Sekine H et al:Increased gastric acid secretion after Helicobacter pylori eradication may be a factor for developing reflux oesophagitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15:813-820, 2001
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• 6) 大原秀一, 関根仁, 飯島克則ほか:老年者逆流性食道炎における胃粘膜萎縮とHelicobacter Pylori感染の検討. 日消病会誌 93:235-239, 1996

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P.160 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) Yeom JS, Park HJ, Cho JS et al:Reflux esophagitis and its relationship to hiatal hernia. J Korean Med Sci 14:253-256, 1999
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• 3) Petersen H, Johannessen T, Sandvic AK et al:Relationship between endoscopic hiatus hernia and gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. Scand J Gastroenterol 26:921-926, 1991

• 4) Amano K, Adachi K, Katsube T et al:Role of hiatus hernia and gastric mucosal atrophy in the development of reflux esophagitis in the elderly. J Gastroenterol Hepatol l6:132-136, 2001

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P.164 掲載の参考文献

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• 3) 小林壮光, 岡原聡, 安達靖代ほか:Mucosal Break陰性GERD (Grade OM)の3 症例. 治療学 37:537-540, 2003
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• 4) Martinez SD, Malagon IB, Garewal HS:Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) acid reflux and symptom patterns. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 15:537-545, 2003
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• 5) Carlsson R, Dent J, Bolling-Sternevald E et al:The usefulness of a structured questionnaire in the assessment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 33:1023-1029, 1998

• 6) 永野公一, 久保光彦, 後藤守孝ほか:GERDの診断に関する研究-上部消化管症状を訴える患者におけるアンケート(QUEST)による検討-. 新薬と臨 47:841-851, 1998

• 7) 吉田智治, 沖田極, 原田稔也ほか:逆流性食道炎の診断における患者記入式アンケート (QUEST) の有用性の検討. 臨と研 76:185-192, 1999
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• 9) 石岡智憲, 小松寛治, 白根研二ほか:逆流性食道炎におけるQUESTの有用性に関する検討. 秋田医師会誌 51:106-112, 2000

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P.167 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) Manabe N, Yoshihira M, Sasaki A et al:Clinical characteristics and natural history of patients with low-grade reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:949-954, 2002

• 3) 島谷智彦, 井上正規:長期投与における市販 PPI3種の差異. 臨消内科 2:175-182, 2002

• 4) Thjodleifsson B, Rindi G, Fioocca R et al:a randomized, double-blind trial of the efficacy and safety of 10 or 20mg rabeprazole compared with 20 mg omeprazole in the maintenance of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease over 5 years. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 17:343-351, 2003

• 5) 幕内博康:胃食道逆流症の外科治療. 医のあゆみ 198:139-143, 2001

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P.170 掲載の参考文献

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• 2) Kuster E, Ros E, Toledo-Pimentel V et l1:Predictive factors of the long term outcome in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease:six year follow up of 107 patients. Gut 35:8-14, 1994

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• 4) Manabe N, Yoshihara M, Sasaki A et al:Reflux esophagitis:natural history and treatment. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 17:949-954, 2002
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